Bioformulated Hesperidin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Counteract the Mitochondrial-Mediated Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway in
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Bioformulated Hesperidin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Counteract the Mitochondrial-Mediated Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway in Cancer Cells Krithiga Balakrishnan1,2 · Sangeetha C. Casimeer3 · Alaa Yousef Ghidan4 · Fatima Yousef Ghethan5 · Karthikkumar Venkatachalam6 · Anbu Singaravelu1 Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, a biological approach has carried out to develop the polymer-based nanoparticles using a bioflavonoid of hesperidin. This formulation has been attempted and established for its biomedical application in cancer treatment. Hesperidin loaded PLGA nanoparticles (Hes-PLGA-NPs) were processed by oil in water single emulsion solvent evaporation technique and the physiochemical traits were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD and NMR analysis. DLS and TEM analysis revealed that the preparation yielded a spherical shaped nanoparticle with an average measure of 38.4 nm. The XRD spectrum showed a crystalline type of nanoparticles. The FTIR and NMR investigation exposed that the PLGA also serves up as capping or switching material for pH-dependent drug release. Furthermore, the cationic natures of Hes-PLGA-NPs easily penetrate cancerous cells and efficiently repressed the growth in acidic conditions. Taking into account, the findings of in vitro studies in HEp-2 cell suggested that bioformulated Hes-PLGA-NPs are more competent than native hesperidin and might be used as a potent anti-cancer candidate. Further studies are warranted to expose the toxicity and molecular level mechanisms involved in the anti-cancer activity of the synthesized Hes-PLGA-NPs as nanomedicine.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01746-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
Grapic Abstract
Keywords Hesperidin · PLGA, biopolymer · Anti-cancer activity · Mitochondria
1 Introduction Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are categorized as the seventh most common type of cancers around the world. Every year, almost 480,000 new oral cancer incidences reported globally [1]. The number of new cases of oral related cancer in 2018 was around 119,992 in India that is 10.4% among all other cancers [2]. It may mediated by tobacco, alcohol, infection from viruses, bacteria (syphilis) fungi (candida sp), poor hygiene and nutrition, genetic alterations and genomic instability [3, 4]. Certainly, young age group peoples, particularly below 40 years are familiar for oropharyngeal cancer due to tobacco usage [5]. Polymer-based nanoparticles have attracted to the modern scientific community due to their fascinating application in biomedical science research. Accumulating scientific evi
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