Biological Treatment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Before Discharging to Environment
Nowadays, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have gained considerable attention among the research groups from the past two decades. Their occurrence and fate in the ecosystem from including pharmaceutical industry waste
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Biological Treatment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Before Discharging to Environment Monica Simon, Ajay Kumar, Alok Garg, and Manisha
Abstract Nowadays, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have gained considerable attention among the research groups from the past two decades. Their occurrence and fate in the ecosystem from including pharmaceutical industry wastewater are of concern worldwide. Several studies were investigated to understand the different aspects of these compounds around the world. In literature, a number of techniques such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, conventional treatment process, constructed wetlands, activated sludge processes, membrane bioreactors and sequencing batch reactor have been reported for the removal of these PPCPs. The continuous efforts are being made in developing the appropriate techniques for their removal. The remediation through traditional methods, such as activated sludge, has not been found effective for the removal PPCPs from wastewater. This study focuses on demonstrating the understanding related to the removal techniques based on the remediation methodologies available in the literature. Moreover, this study leads to evaluate and compare the available options for the PPCPs removal under variable environmental conditions. Keywords PPCPs · Wastewater · Aerobic and anaerobic technologies · Remediation
M. Simon · A. Kumar (*) Department of Hydrology, IIT, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India e-mail: [email protected] A. Garg Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT, Hamirpur, India e-mail: [email protected] Manisha ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 P. K. Gupta, R. N. Bharagava (eds.), Fate and Transport of Subsurface Pollutants, Microorganisms for Sustainability 24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6564-9_14
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Introduction
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) include several classes of chemical compounds. These are a group of “emerging contaminants” that are primarily utilized to prevent/for treatment of diseases and improve the quality of daily life of human beings and animals (Liu and Wong 2013). Nowadays, their presence in environment has raised widespread concern due to their severe consequences on environment. Both pharmaceuticals and personal care products can be categorized into different categories depending on their nature and utility. Pharmaceuticals can be classified based on their therapeutic use or the physico-chemical property of the active ingredients present in them. Therapeutically, they are classified into a number of classes such as antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants, steroid hormones, retroviral, bronchodilators and cardiovascular drugs, including antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antithrombotic, antihypertensive, anti-haemorrhagic and lipid regulating drugs, stimulants, antiepileptic, antidiabetic, antiallergenic drugs, anxiolytic, antipa
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