Biomass energy, particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among C
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Biomass energy, particulate matter (PM2.5), and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Congolese women living near of a cement plant, in Kongo Central Province Etongola P. Mbelambela 1 & Sifa M. J. Muchanga 2 & Antonio F. Villanueva 3 & Masamitsu Eitoku 1 & Kahoko Yasumitsu-Lovell 1 & Ryoji Hirota 4 & Yuki Shimotake 1 & Gedikondele J. Sokolo 5 & Atsuko Mori 1 & Narufumi Suganuma 1 Received: 24 August 2019 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study investigated whether the individual and combined effects of using biomass energy and living in the neighborhood of a cement plant were associated with the risk of COPD and respiratory symptoms among Congolese women. A total of 235 women from two neighborhood communities of a cement plant participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were classified into the more exposed group (MEG = 137) and a less exposed group (LEG = 98), as well as into biomass users (wood = 85, charcoal = 49) or electricity users (101 participants). Participants completed a questionnaire including respiratory symptoms, sociodemographic factors, medical history, lifestyle, and household characteristics. In addition to spirometry performance, outdoor PM2.5 (μg/m3) was measured. Afternoon outdoor PM2.5 concentration was significantly higher in MEG than LEG (48.8 (2.5) μg/m3 vs 42.5 (1.5) μg/m3). Compared to electricity users, wood users (aOR: 2.6, 95%CI 1.7; 5.9) and charcoal users (aOR: 2.9, 95%CI 1.4; 10.7) were at risk of developing airflow obstruction. Combined effects of biomass use and living in the neighborhood of a cement plant increased the risk of COPD in both wood users (aOR: 4, 95%CI 1.3; 12.2) and charcoal users (aOR: 3.1, 95%CI 1.7; 11.4). Exposure to biomass energy is associated with an increased risk of COPD. In addition, combined exposure to biomass and living near a cement plant had additive effects on COPD. Keywords Biomass . COPD . Cement dust . Neighborhood communities . Lung function . Particulate matter
Introduction Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Etongola P. Mbelambela [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
2
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
3
EUCLID UN University (Public International Health), Gambia and Washington, D.C, Washington, DC, USA
4
Graduate School of Health Science, Matsumoto University, Matsumoto, Japan
5
Department of Specialties, Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Biomass fuel remains a major source of household energy in developing countries. In developed countries as well, but predominantly in rural communities and in the countryside where there are difficulties in acquiring fuel derivatives, wood is commonly resorted to for both cooking and heating. Rehfuess E et al. reported that about hal
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