Camera Traps in Animal Ecology Methods and Analyses
Remote photography and infrared sensors are widely used in the sampling of wildlife populations worldwide, especially for cryptic or elusive species. Guiding the practitioner through the entire process of using camera traps, this book is the first to comp
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Allan F. O’Connell James D. Nichols K. Ullas Karanth ●
Editors
Camera Traps in Animal Ecology Methods and Analyses
Editors Allan F. O’Connell, Ph.D. Research Wildlife Biologist U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center– Beltsville Lab 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA [email protected]
James D. Nichols, Ph.D. Senior Scientist U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel, Maryland 20708 USA [email protected]
K. Ullas Karanth, Ph.D. Senior Conservation Scientist Wildlife Conservation Society Centre for Wildlife Studies 26-2, Aga Abbas Ali Road (Apt: 403) Bangalore, Karnataka 560042 India [email protected]
Use of trade, firm, or product names is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government.
ISBN 978-4-431-99494-7 e-ISBN 978-4-431-99495-4 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4 Springer Tokyo Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009942777 © Springer 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
This book deals with equipment known as “camera traps,” which are used to detect wild animals. The inspiration for this book was the 9th International Mammal Congress held in Sapporo, Japan, in August 2005. At that time, camera traps had become sufficiently popular as a field sampling technique to warrant a separate symposium in the Congress. The ten presentations given in Sapporo that focused on camera traps encompassed a variety of mammal species, ranging from bats to large carnivores, and included surveys and studies from various countries and habitats. The analytical approaches that were used to make inferences about the target populations were somewhat limited, however, and that sparked an interest in the production of this volume, which focuses primarily on (1) the sampling methodologies of using camera traps and (2) the analytical techniques best suited to make sound inferences from photographic evidence. Over the last two decades, the use of various noninvasive techniques for the sampling of animal populations has increased significantly. Technological advances have allowed practitioners to sample and monitor animal populations without ever physically capturing or handling animals, and to feel confident that the equipment will operate acceptably under a variety of environmental conditions. A sensitivity to animal welfare, reduction of time, effort, and
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