Carbonaceous Materials-12: a Novel Highly Sensitive Graphene Oxide-Based Carbon Electrode: Preparation, Characterization
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Carbonaceous Materials-12: a Novel Highly Sensitive Graphene Oxide-Based Carbon Electrode: Preparation, Characterization, and Heavy Metal Analysis in Food Samples Samet Yavuz 1 & Aslı Erkal 1 & İshak Afşin Kariper 2 & Ali Osman Solak 3,4 & Seungwon Jeon 5 & İbrahim Ender Mülazımoğlu 6 & Zafer Üstündağ 1
Received: 3 March 2015 / Accepted: 4 May 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was covalently attached to glassy carbon (GC) electrode (GC–O–GO) for fabricating nanosensors to determine trace Pb2+ and Cd2+ using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Surface characterization of the nanofilm-covered electrode was performed via electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Surface pKa of the GO covalent attached GC (GC– O–GO) was calculated via CV. Under optimal conditions, a linear response was found for Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the range from 1×10−8 to 1×10−12 M. The limit of detections (LODs) of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 0.25 pM and 0.28 pM, respectively. The method shows good reproducibility, and stability was successfully applied to measure Pb2+ and Cd2+ levels in rice, soya, milk,
* İbrahim Ender Mülazımoğlu [email protected] * Zafer Üstündağ [email protected] 1
Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar University, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
2
Faculty of Education, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
3
Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
4
Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
5
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
6
Faculty of Education, Department of Chemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
and tap water samples, with good agreement with those obtained by the standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The method was evaluated by application with the simultaneous determination of the ions in food samples (n=6) using the standard addition method. The recoveries of the Pb2+ and Cd2+ were up to 98 %. Keywords Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry . Graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode . Lead and cadmium analysis . Food samples
Introduction Heavy metal concentration in food samples is very important for human health (Afkhami et al. 2011; Cayir and Coskun 2010; Ieggli et al. 2010). This is the cause of various health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, cancer, etc. (Kadıoğlu et al. 2010). It is important to accurately determine levels by using various analytical techniques. Techniques such as spectroscopic and electrochemical methods are used for metal analysis (Szymczycha-Madeja and Welna 2013; Üstündağ et al. 2007; Tormen et al. 2011). Electrochemical techniques on modified electrodes are especially ve
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