Classroom Lighting and Its Effect on Student Learning and Performance: Towards Smarter Conditions
The main objective of this study was to determine which lighting factors intervene in the learning processes taking place in a physical classroom, in regard to smart classroom conditioning. It was performed by means of a systematic literature review. Two
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and Ramon Palau
Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine which lighting factors intervene in the learning processes taking place in a physical classroom, in regard to smart classroom conditioning. It was performed by means of a systematic literature review. Two research questions were posed: What aspects of classroom lighting have studies focused on? And how factors of classroom lighting influence learning processes? From a sample of 130 papers chosen, we identified seven aspects of classroom lighting. One of the aspects is “cognitive processes”, treated in eighteen of the papers. Classroom lighting does affect cognition, and it is proven in terms of academic achievement, attention rates, working speed, productivity and accuracy among other reported effects. LED lighting appears to be the most suitable to improve psychological and cognitive processes in the classroom. Particular importance is given to using higher correlated colour temperature (CCT) and the balance between daylight and artificial light. From the results, it is clearly stated that a dynamic lighting is necessary to host different activities in classroom. Research is now focusing on automation of a dynamic lighting system as the first step towards smart classroom lighting. Keywords Lighting · Educational lighting · Cognitive processes · Classroom design · Smart classroom
J. Mogas-Recalde (B) · R. Palau Departament de Pedagogia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ctra. de Valls, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain e-mail: [email protected] R. Palau e-mail: [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 Ó. Mealha et al. (eds.), Ludic, Co-design and Tools Supporting Smart Learning Ecosystems and Smart Education, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 197, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7383-5_1
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J. Mogas-Recalde and R. Palau
1 Introduction In educational contexts, the lighting within a classroom is particularly important. Monteoliva et al. [1] wrote that “lighting is one of the most critical physical characteristics in a learning space”. Barrett et al. [2] identified lighting and flexibility as considerable factors talking about educational spaces. Thus, lighting should be controlled in educational spaces, namely in classrooms, since it causes a direct impact on the learners’ performance and achievement. Developments in lighting allow new possibilities in education. Particularly, LED technology has become popular because they present a highly efficient system, are small sized, long-lasting, allow saving energy in comparison to other lamp types, are environmentally friendly and have a real-time tuneable spectrum. Although many other factors are also to be taken into account [3]. Lighting in education is exceptionally valuable when it is related to smart classrooms. The smart classroom concept is part of smart learning environments, places endowed with adaptive devices to promote better and faster learning [4, 5]. From this concep
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