Comorbidity and continuity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adolescence in Turkey
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comorbidity and continuity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adolescence in Turkey H. Tuna Cak • Gulser Senses Dinc • Zeynep Tuzun • S. Gulin Evinc • Esra Cop Fusun Cuhadaroglu Cetin
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Received: 30 October 2012 / Accepted: 5 July 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Wien 2013
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine clinical outcomes, psychiatric comorbidity and neuropsychological characteristics in Turkish adolescents with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in childhood. A total of 45 children with ADHD diagnosis and 28 children with a psychiatric diagnosis other than ADHD in a 1-year cohort of 7–10-year-olds were reevaluated 6 years later using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime version and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenRevised and Stroop Test TBAG version. This study shows that the clinical outcomes and the comorbidity patterns for ADHD from childhood to adolescence in Turkey are similar to reported rates in the Western countries. In the ADHD group, 75.6 % still has impairing ADHD symptoms and 46.6 % has comorbid psychiatric disorders. The main difference is anxiety disorders being the most common comorbid disorders (37.8 %) in Turkish ADHD youth. These findings stress the high comorbidity associated with ADHD and support the importance of assessment and
H. T. Cak (&) S. G. Evinc F. Cuhadaroglu Cetin Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] G. S. Dinc Dıs¸ kapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Z. Tuzun Department Adolescent Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey E. Cop Sami Ulus Children’s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
treatment for adolescence.
ADHD
and
comorbidities
during
Keywords Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Comorbidity Adolescence Neuropsychological characteristics
Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common socially impairing neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood. Epidemiological studies indicate that ADHD is prevalent throughout the world, with a general consensus that 5–10 % of children have the disorder (Taylor and Sonuga-Barke 2008). ADHD is viewed as a chronic condition with associated symptoms and impairment that persist in approximately three quarters of the cases into adolescence and half of cases into adulthood (Spencer et al. 2007). Hyperactive children have high levels of impulsivity and inattention, increased risk for school and occupational failure, peer and emotional difficulties and psychiatric comorbidity (Biederman et al. 2012). More than half of the individuals with ADHD are at risk for developing comorbid psychopathology, including oppositional (40–60 % of ADHD cases), conduct (10–20 %), anxiety (30–40 %) and mood disorders (20–30 %) (Biederman et al. 1998; Spencer et al. 2007). Psychiatric comorbidity influences clinical presentation and causes difficulty in differential diagn
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