Crystallinity of TiO 2 nanotubes and its effects on fibroblast viability, adhesion, and proliferation
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B I O M A T E R I A L S S Y N T H E S I S A N D CH A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N Original Research
Crystallinity of TiO2 nanotubes and its effects on fibroblast viability, adhesion, and proliferation Marcela Ferreira Dias-Netipanyj1,2 Luciane Sopchenski3 Thatyanne Gradowski1 Selene Elifio-Esposito1 Ketul C. Popat2,4 Paulo Soares 3 ●
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Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as a biomaterial due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, low elastic modulus, and excellent biocompatibility. TiO2 nanotubes have excellent bioactivity, stimulating the adhesion, proliferation of fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells, production of alkaline phosphatase by osteoblasts, platelets activation, growth of neural cells and adhesion, spreading, growth, and differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we investigated the functionality of fibroblast on titania nanotube layers annealed at different temperatures. The titania nanotube layer was fabricated by potentiostatic anodization of titanium, then annealed at 300, 530, and 630 °C for 5 h. The resulting nanotube layer was characterized using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TF-XRD (Thin-film X-ray diffraction), and contact angle goniometry. Fibroblasts viability was determined by the CellTiter-Blue method and cytotoxicity by Lactate Dehydrogenase test, and the cell morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Also, cell adherence, proliferation, and morphology were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the modification in nanotube crystallinity may provide a favorable surface fibroblast growth, especially on substrates annealed at 530 and 630 °C, indicating that these properties provide a favorable template for biomedical implants. Graphical Abstract
* Paulo Soares [email protected] 1
Graduate Program in Health Science, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
2
School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
1 Introduction Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as a biomaterial due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, low elastic modulus, and excellent biocompatibility [1–3]. As a valve metal, it forms a passive oxide layer when exposed to an oxidizing environment, protecting the surface against corrosion while providing a favorable biocompatible interface for tissue integration [4, 5]. These alloys have been used in a variety of medical devices, including dental implants, craniofacial implants, and orthopedic prostheses such as intraosseous transcutaneous implants [6–9].
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