Deciphering the molecular effects of non-ablative Er:YAG laser treatment in an in vitro model of the non-keratinized muc
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BRIEF REPORT
Deciphering the molecular effects of non-ablative Er:YAG laser treatment in an in vitro model of the non-keratinized mucous membrane Laura Huth 1 & Sebastian Huth 1 & Yvonne Marquardt 1 & Philipp Winterhalder 2,3 & Timm Steiner 2,3 & Frank Hölzle 2,3 & Reinhard Gansel 4 & Jens Malte Baron 1,2 & Laurenz Schmitt 1,2 Received: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Introduction In dermatology, the use of non-ablative and ablative fractional lasers has become the gold standard treatment for a number of indications. Among ablative dermatological laser systems, the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (wavelength 10,600 nm) and the erbium yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser (wavelength 2940 nm) are the most frequently used [1]. While the wavelength of the CO2 laser is absorbed by intracellular water, leading to tissue heating and vaporization, the Er:YAG laser causes only a minimal thermal reaction in the skin [2]. Non-ablative laser systems such as the Er:glass laser (wavelength 1540 nm) also cause collagen heating and dermal remodelling, but due to the cooling of the epidermis there is no injury and no tissue vaporization, reducing the risk of side effects [2]. Although non-ablative and ablative fractional lasers are widely used in the treatment of a variety of indications,
Laura Huth and Sebastian Huth are first authors contributed equally Jens Malte Baron and Laurenz Schmitt are senior authors contributed equally * Laura Huth [email protected] 1
Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
2
Interdisciplinary Center for Laser Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
3
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
4
Laser Medizin Zentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Porschekanzel 3-5, 45127 Essen, Germany
the molecular effects of these laser treatments on human skin cells are not yet completely understood. However, the knowledge of the underlying biological properties of a laser system is essential in order to optimize its application and to evaluate its safety aspects. Each of the individual laser types is advantageous for different types of indications due to its respective properties, but new technologies open up new fields of application for individual laser systems. In this context, the VSP (variable square pulse) technology has broadened the scope of use of the Er:YAG laser by enabling a non-ablative mode [3]. The mechanism of action is the production of low fluence pulses inside an overall super-long pulse that is absorbed at the tissue surface and cause transient heat increase of the collagen, inducing tissue shrinkage and remodelling, but also microvascularization and new vessel formation [4, 5]. Using the non-ablative mode, the Er:YAG laser is nowadays an important tool for various minimally invasive, nonsurgical procedures on mucosa, e.g., in gynecology [4] or oral tissue thermotherap
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