Deformation behaviour of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte red blood cell morphologies during optical tweezers stret
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Deformation behaviour of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte red blood cell morphologies during optical tweezers stretching N. M. Geekiyanage1 · E. Sauret1 · S. C. Saha2 · R. L. Flower3 · Y. T. Gu1 Received: 7 June 2019 / Accepted: 17 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The red blood cell (RBC) deformability is a critical aspect, and assessing the cell deformation characteristics is essential for better diagnostics of healthy and deteriorating RBCs. There is a need to explore the connection between the cell deformation characteristics, cell morphology, disease states, storage lesion and cell shape-transformation conditions for better diagnostics and treatments. A numerical approach inspired from the previous research for RBC morphology predictions and for analysis of RBC deformations is proposed for the first time, to investigate the deformation characteristics of different RBC morphologies. The present study investigates the deformability characteristics of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte morphologies during optical tweezers stretching and provides the opportunity to study the combined contribution of cytoskeletal spectrin network and the lipid-bilayer during RBC deformation. The proposed numerical approach predicts agreeable deformation characteristics of the healthy discocyte with the analogous experimental observations and is extended to further investigate the deformation characteristics of stomatocyte and echinocyte morphologies. In particular, the computer simulations are performed to investigate the influence of direct stretching forces on different equilibrium cell morphologies on cell spectrin link extensions and cell elongation index, along with a parametric analysis on membrane shear modulus, spectrin link extensibility, bending modulus and RBC membrane–bead contact diameter. The results agree with the experimentally observed stiffer nature of stomatocyte and echinocyte with respect to a healthy discocyte at experimentally determined membrane characteristics and suggest the preservation of relevant morphological characteristics, changes in spectrin link densities and the primary contribution of cytoskeletal spectrin network on deformation behaviour of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte morphologies during optical tweezers stretching deformation. The numerical approach presented here forms the foundation for investigations into deformation characteristics and recoverability of RBCs undergoing storage lesion. Keywords Red blood cell · Optical tweezers · Numerical modelling · Coarse-grained · Elongation index
1 Introduction Red blood cells (RBCs) though remarkably simple in structure (Dao et al. 2006) perform the vital physiological function of transferring oxygen and carbon dioxide between lung and body tissues. RBCs require high deformability to sustain * E. Sauret [email protected] 1
School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), B
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