Degradation and mineralization of the emerging pharmaceutical pollutant sildenafil by ozone and UV radiation using respo
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Degradation and mineralization of the emerging pharmaceutical pollutant sildenafil by ozone and UV radiation using response surface methodology Mariana Guadalupe Abrile 1 & María Michela Ciucio 1 & Lourdes Marlén Demarchi 1 & Virginia Mariel Bono 1 & María Laura Fiasconaro 1 & María Eugenia Lovato 1 Received: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pharmaceuticals and their degradation products which are present in wastewater and superficial waters are becoming an ecological issue. This research investigated the degradation and mineralization of synthetic solutions of the pharmaceutical compound sildenafil citrate (SC) by single ozonation and ozonation jointed with UV radiation (O3/UV). The effects of initial drug concentration (50–125 mg L−1), inlet ozone concentration (35–125 g Nm−3), and UV radiation on SC degradation and decrease of total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated using response surface methodology based on a central composite experimental design. Through the RSM analysis, it was possible to confirm the removal of SC for the entire experimental range. Major intermediates of SC degradation were identified and a degradation pathway was proposed. The kinetics of SC degradation was modeled as a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant ranging between 0.072 and 1.250 min−1. The SC degradation and TOC removal were strongly enhanced by increasing the concentration of gaseous ozone at the inlet and incorporating UV radiation. The highest TOC removal reached at 60 min was 75%, in the O3/UV system, with initial SC content of 50 mg L−1 and inlet ozone concentration of 125 g Nm−3. The degradation rate of SC was increased 3 to 9 times in the presence of UV radiation. Ozone-based advanced oxidation processes appear as a suitable alternative for treatment of the emerging pollutant SC. Keywords Ozone . UV radiation . Sildenafil . VIAGRA . Response surface methodology . Degradation
Responsible Editor: Vítor Pais Vilar * María Eugenia Lovato [email protected] Mariana Guadalupe Abrile [email protected] María Michela Ciucio [email protected] Lourdes Marlén Demarchi [email protected] Virginia Mariel Bono [email protected] María Laura Fiasconaro [email protected] 1
Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
Introduction Due to the current habits of consumerism, pollutants have been accumulated into the environment. These emerging pollutants include pesticides, hormones, drugs, and personal care products (PCC). The expansion of urbanization and overuse of pharmaceuticals and PCC has resulted in their occurrence in water bodies and wastewater streams worldwide (Kaur et al. 2019). Pharmaceutical compounds (PC) represent an increasing environmental problem, because they are introduced into the environment through various human activities, including the direct disposal of unused drugs, municipal wastewat
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