State-of-the-art and current challenges for TiO 2 /UV-LED photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic micropollutants
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REVIEW ARTICLE
State-of-the-art and current challenges for TiO2/UV-LED photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic micropollutants Danilo Bertagna Silva 1 & Gianluigi Buttiglieri 2,3 & Sandra Babić 1 Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The development of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED) opens new possibilities for water treatment and photoreactor design. TiO2 photocatalysis, a technology that has been continuously drawing attention, can potentially benefit from LEDs to become a sustainable alternative for the abatement of organic micropollutants (OMPs). Recently reported data on photocatalytic degradation of OMPs and their parameters of influence are here critically evaluated. The literature on OMP degradation in real water matrices, and at environmentally relevant concentrations, is largely missing, as well as the investigations of the impact of photoreactor design in pollutant degradation kinetics. The key factors for reducing UV-LED treatment technology costs are pointed out, like the increase in external quantum and wall-plug efficiencies of UV-LEDs compared to other technologies, as well as the need for an appropriate design optimizing light homogeneity in the reactor. Controlled periodic illumination, wavelength coupling and H2O2 addition are presented as efficiency enhancement options. Although electrical energy per order (EEO) values for UV-LED photocatalysis have decreased to the range of traditional mercury lamps, values are still not low enough for practical employment. Moreover, due to the adoption of high initial OMP concentration in most experiments, it is likely that most literature EEO values are overestimated. Given the process characteristics, which are favoured by translucent matrices and small diameters for more homogenous light distribution and better transportation of radicals, innovative reactor designs should explore the potential of point-of-use applications to increase photocatalysis applicability at large scale. Keywords Ultraviolet light-emitting diode . Photocatalysis . Photoreactor design . Organic micropollutant . Water treatment . Titanium dioxide
Introduction Organic micropollutants There has been a growing concern over the last decades regarding the presence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water as a result of industrial and population growth (Miklos et al. 2018b). The increasing water scarcity enhanced by climate change has been pushing society to find sustainable Responsible editor: Vítor Pais Vilar * Sandra Babić [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
3
Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
approaches concerning water quality and reuse, as well as the development of new treatment technologies (Kummu et al. 2016). The adoption of new legislation concerning water reuse, a better understanding of OMP impact
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