Density of Liquid Iridium and Rhenium from Melting up to the Critical Point
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Density of Liquid Iridium and Rhenium from Melting up to the Critical Point M. Leitner1 · G. Pottlacher1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The density as a function of temperature was determined for liquid iridium (Ir) and rhenium (Re) by means of shadow imaging in ohmic pulse-heating experiments. In addition to regular experiments at 0.23 MPa , high-pressure experiments at static pressures between 0.18 GPa to 0.30 GPa were performed to increase the metals’ boiling point and thus determine density data at temperatures far exceeding the boiling temperature at atmospheric pressure. By this means, the experimentally accessible liquid range could be extended by roughly 2000 K (Ir) and 6000 K (Re) compared to data reported in the literature. In a second step, the experimental data were used to estimate critical temperature, critical density, and the complete phase diagram in the density–temperature plane. A comprehensive comparison with literature data was conducted. Keywords Critical point data · High pressure · Iridium · Liquid metals · Liquidphase density · Phase diagram · Pulse-heating · Rhenium
1 Introduction The density of liquid metals and alloys is of high interest in many fields of engineering and science. Density data are for instance used to calculate mass balance in refining operations or to deduce further thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and diffusivity, viscosity, or surface tension. Most importantly, density data are used in various simulations that model physical processes, such as thermal natural convection in furnaces and ladles or casting and solidification [1–3]. Many of these physical models show a relatively strong sensitivity on density input * G. Pottlacher [email protected] M. Leitner [email protected] 1
Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
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International Journal of Thermophysics
(2020) 41:139
data compared to other thermophysical properties applied during the modeling process [4]. Therefore, precise data on density as a function of temperature in the liquid phase are needed. While the density is mostly well known throughout the solid phase, the situation is different in the liquid phase, where data are scarce for some transition metals. Furthermore, data reported in the literature are often inconsistent with each other, do not reach far into the liquid phase, or exhibit large uncertainties. These observations motivate a complementary revisit on the liquid-phase density of selected metals, such as iridium and rhenium. While typical pulse-heating experiments performed previously at Graz University of Technology addressed a multitude of thermophysical properties simultaneously, Schmon suggested to conduct exclusive density measurements in combination with other measures in order to improve density data quality [5]. Metals and alloys already addressed in this exclusive approach are Ni and Cu [6]
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