Detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk from various livestock species raised under pastoral production systems in Isiolo
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Detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk from various livestock species raised under pastoral production systems in Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, northern Kenya Martin Wainaina 1 & Gabriel O. Aboge 2,3 & Isaac Omwenga 1,2 & Catherine Ngaywa 1,3 & Nicholas Ngwili 1 & Henry Kiara 1 & George Wamwere-Njoroge 1 & Bernard Bett 1 Received: 2 April 2019 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Introduction Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Kenya, and identifying the bacteria in milk is important in assessing the risk of exposure in people. Methods A cross-sectional study that involved 175 households was implemented in the pastoral counties of Marsabit and Isiolo in Kenya. Pooled milk samples (n = 164) were collected at the household level, and another 372 were collected from domesticated lactating animals (312 goats, 7 sheep, 50 cattle and 3 camels). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing of the milk samples was performed to identify Brucella species. Brucella anti-LPS IgG antibodies were also detected in bovine milk samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Based on the qPCR, the prevalence of the pathogen at the animal level (considering samples from individual animals) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5) and 3.0% (CI: 1.0–7.0) in pooled samples. All 14 samples found positive by qPCR were from goats, with 10 contaminated with B. abortus and 4 with B. melitensis. The Brucella spp. antibody prevalence in bovine milk using the milk ELISA was 26.0% (95% CI: 14.6–40.3) in individual animal samples and 46.3% (95% CI: 30.7–62.6) in pooled samples. Conclusion The study is the first in Kenya to test for Brucella spp. directly from milk using qPCR without culturing for the bacteria. It also detected B. abortus in goats, suggesting transmission of brucellosis between cattle and goats. The high prevalence of Brucella spp. is a significant public health risk, and there is a need for intervention strategies necessary in the study area. Keywords Brucella . Milk . ELISA . PCR . Pastoral
Introduction Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by some bacteria in the genus Brucella. Of the 12 identified species within
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02389-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Martin Wainaina [email protected] 1
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
2
Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
3
Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
the genus, three (B. melitensis, B. abortus and B. suis) are the ones mostly associated with brucellosis in humans and certain animals (Al Dahouk et al. 2017). The disease impoverishes many through its negative impacts on livestock production and trade
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