Determination of cadmium induced acute and chronic reproductive toxicity with Raman spectroscopy
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Determination of cadmium induced acute and chronic reproductive toxicity with Raman spectroscopy Disheng Liu 1,2 & Jianghou Wan 1 & Zhenzhen Liu 2 & Zhiyu Zhao 2 & Guangru Zhang 2 & Yufang Leng 2 Received: 11 August 2019 / Accepted: 31 January 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is one of the toxic heavy metals which is confirmed to be related to male sterile. Here, confocal Raman spectroscopy was employed to detect biomolecular composition and changes in testis under acute and chronic Cd treatment. Specific Raman shifts associated with mitochondria, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and cholesterol were identified which were distinguishing among groups undergoing different Cd treatment times. Supporting evidences were provided by conventional experimental detections. The relevant biochemical parameters, pathological changes, and protein expression related to testosterone synthesis were all changed and consistent with Raman spectrum information. In conclusion, confocal Raman spectroscopy presents a reliable data and provides a novel method which is expected to be a promising strategy in reproduction toxicity research. Keywords Raman spectroscopy . Testis . Reproductive toxicity . Cadmium . Spermatozoa
Introduction Cadmium (Cd), one of the toxic heavy metals, is a common environmental pollutant, which shows co-existence with zinc in nature constantly. Cd could accumulate in organisms through the food chains [1], but its metabolism from body consumes decades of years. The acute or chronic exposure
* Yufang Leng [email protected] Disheng Liu [email protected] Jianghou Wan [email protected] Zhenzhen Liu [email protected] Zhiyu Zhao [email protected] Guangru Zhang [email protected] 1
Department of Urologic Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
2
Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
of Cd could lead toxic damage and even malformation and mutation [2–4]. It is confirmed that the environmental and occupational Cd exposure is closely related with male sterile. For male reproductive system, Cd could cause decreased male sex hormone and spermatozoa abnormality [5, 6]. Raman spectroscopy is optical and noninvasive which is gradually tried to use in diseases diagnosis due to its well analytical sensitivity. The chemical alternation in various samples could be detected sensitively which is the key advantage of this technique. It could indicate each scanning spot and image them in cells or tissues, which makes it possible to ascertain exact location of the changes. In recent years, Raman spectrum has been used in many pathological determinations such as tumors therapy, drug concentration measurement, cells apoptosis, and immunoreactions [7–9]. In a previous research, Raman spectrum was used in testicular tissues at different maturational stages, to distinguish the seminiferous tubes with complete and incomplete spermatogenesis [10]. In a study
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