Development of a new electromembrane extraction combined with ion mobility spectrometry for the quantification of malach
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Development of a new electromembrane extraction combined with ion mobility spectrometry for the quantification of malachite green in water samples Fahimeh Mirzaei 1 & Mohammadreza Mohammadi Nilash 1 & Ali Reza Fakhari 1 Received: 9 January 2020 / Revised: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 24 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, a new method based on electromembrane extraction (EME) followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS) was used for preconcentration and quantification of malachite green in water samples. In the EME procedure, the charged malachite green migrated into the supported liquid membrane (SLM) under an applied potential. The extraction efficiency of malachite green was assessed based on two phase EME under effective parameters including applied voltage, extraction time, pH of the sample solution, stirring rate, and salt addition in the sample solution. The analytical performance of the developed EME method was studied under the optimum extraction condition. The dynamic linear range and low limit of detection of the EME method were 5–250 ng mL−1 and 1.5 ng mL−1, respectively. The preconcentration factor of 150 and the RSD% of 3.8–7.6% were also achieved using EME method. Finally, the proposed method was successfully tested for the extraction and analysis of malachite green in different water samples. Keywords Sample preparation . Corona discharge ion mobility spectrometer . Malachite green . Preconcentration factor . Supported liquid membrane . Water sample
Introduction Many physical and chemical contaminants infect the environment all around the world. The main pollution types include air pollution, light pollution, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution [1–5]. Among these contaminants, water pollution has become a serious issue across the world because water is one of the most critical natural resources for life [1]. The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well as physical parameters. Pollutants may consist of organic and inorganic materials. A group of organic substances that contaminates water are triarylmethane dyes (malachite green (MG)) [2]. MG and MG derivatives dyes are synthetic organic compounds containing triphenylmethane backbones. As these
* Ali Reza Fakhari [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 1983963113, Evin, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
compounds are intensely colored, they are industrially produced as dyes [3]. Moreover, MG is extensively used across the world because of its high efficacy for treatment of fungicide, parasiticide, and antiseptic, antibacterial properties in the aquaculture. Also, MG is used as a dye in food, textile, silk, leather, cotton, paper, and other industries for one or the other purposes [4–7]. MG, like other triphenylmethane compounds, may cause cancer and mutagenesi
