Development of schizotypal symptoms following psychiatric disorders in childhood or adolescence
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Development of schizotypal symptoms following psychiatric disorders in childhood or adolescence Selene S. A. A. Fagel • Hanna Swaab • Leo M. J. De Sonneville Sophie Van Rijn • Jolijn K. Pieterse • Floor Scheepers • Herman Van Engeland
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Received: 14 December 2012 / Accepted: 21 March 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract It was examined how juvenile psychiatric disorders and adult schizotypal symptoms are associated. 731 patients of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands, with mean age of 12.1 years (SD = 4.0) were reassessed at the mean age of 27.9 years (SD = 5.7) for adult schizotypal symptoms using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Revised (Vollema, Schizophr Bull 26(3):565–575, 2000). Differences between 13 juvenile DSM categories and normal controls (n = 80) on adult schizotypal total and factor scores were analyzed, using (M)ANCOVA. Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), deferred diagnosis, sexual and gender identity disorders and depressive disorders had higher SPQ total scores when compared to normal controls (p \ 0.001). Higher levels of disorganized schizotypal symptoms were found for PDD, ADHD, and deferred diagnosis (p \ 0.001). The same diagnostic groups showed higher level of negative schizotypal symptoms, which was likewise true for sexual and gender identity disorders, depressive disorders, disruptive disorders, and the category of ‘Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention’ (p \ 0.001). No differences with normal controls were found for adult S. S. A. A. Fagel (&) H. Swaab L. M. J. De Sonneville S. Van Rijn J. K. Pieterse Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2300 RB Leiden, Zuid Holland, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] F. Scheepers H. Van Engeland University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
positive schizotypal symptoms (p \ 0.110). The current findings are suggestive of the idea that psychiatric disorders in childhood or adolescence are a more general expression of a liability to schizophrenia spectrum pathology in future life. In addition, specific patterns of adult schizotypal symptomatology are associated with different types of juvenile psychiatric disorder. Keywords Psychopathology Developmental problems Schizotypal symptoms Juvenile psychiatric disorders
Introduction Schizophrenia spectrum pathology is composed of multiple conditions that are characterized by distortions of cognitive and perceptual reality, collectively known as positive symptoms, interpersonal withdrawal (negative symptoms), and disorganized speech and behavior (disorganized symptoms) [1–2]. These conditions have different gradient of dysfunction, ranging from a milder, non-clinical form of schizotypy to conditions at the ex
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