Dispersibility and Stability Studies of Cellulose Nanofibers: Implications for Nanocomposite Preparation
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Dispersibility and Stability Studies of Cellulose Nanofibers: Implications for Nanocomposite Preparation Amita Sharma1,2 · Tamal Mandal2 · Saswata Goswami1 Accepted: 11 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Physical properties of nanocomposites has been enhanced by achieving stable CNF suspension in organic solvent without the use of surfactants or large energy input. In this study, after freeze drying rice straw (RS) derived CNF has been successfully dispersed in solvents including DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, H 2O and DMSO/H2O. The concentration of CNF and solvent ratio was optimized and analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, HR-TEM and Zetasizer. It was found that average diameter of CNF is 8.3 nm in binary solvent mixture of DMSO/ H 2O (80:20), whereas in pure water (40.3 nm) under the same sonication treatment conditions. Zeta potential value was reduced from (− 55 mV) in pure water to (− 45 mV) in DMSO/Water mixture showing better stability and it was also verified by sedimentation studies. Around 70% transparency of CNF was achieved in co-solvent mixture that can be utilized for nancomposite film fabrication. The fact that CNF can be well dispersed in organic solvents opens up new opportunities for blending of CNF—polymer matrix in coating and packaging applications. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Rice straw · Cellulose nanofibers · Dispersibility · Freeze drying · Transmittance Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01974-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Introduction Cellulose nanofibers/nanofibrils (CNF) are the variety of nanocellulose having width of 1–25 nm with length of few micrometers. The dimension and morphology of the CNF depend on the raw material, extraction process and mechanical methods used for their preparation. Different raw materials, specifically agro-residues such as wheat straw, corn cob, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk and straw have been valorized for the production of CNF [1–3]. In northern India, rice straw stubble burning has become a major cause of environmental pollution and health hazards [4, 5]. Its valorization into nanocellulose can be a wise prospective. Rice straw with cellulose content of more than 40%, provides a sustainable source to extract nanomaterials like CNF with improved chemical and mechanical properties. CNF was first isolated from rice straw in 2009 [6]. Chemical pretreatments produced more individualized CNF with regular and lower dimensions as compared to enzymatic pretreatments with much agglomerated structures of large nanofibrils [7, 8]. Conventional mechanical treatment methods such as cryocrushing, ball milling, high pressure homogenization and sonication are used for size reduction of microcellulose into nanofibers [9]. Since the cellulose chains are linked t
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