Domestic, Wildlife and Environmental Virology: Molecular Epidemiology and Serological Surveillance
Epidemiological surveillance is crucial, not only to assess pathogen geographic distribution but also to understand the ecology, impact and dynamics of the diseases, allowing a better population management and prophylaxis. Our Microbiology and Immunology
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Abstract. Epidemiological surveillance is crucial, not only to assess pathogen geographic distribution but also to understand the ecology, impact and dynamics of the diseases, allowing a better population management and prophylaxis. Our Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory has been involved in the phylogeographical analysis and molecular detection of viruses (Parvovirus, Canine Distemper Virus, Coronaviruses, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) affecting wild and domestic carnivores as well as Herpesvirus and Morbillivirus affecting marine animals (marine turtles; cetaceans; sea lions). This work involved the development of specific molecular assays and phylogenetic methodologies to evaluate the pathogen prevalence and geographic distribution as well as the phylogeographic patterns of the viral sequences. Keywords: Virus in wildlife · Molecular epidemiology · Phylogenetic geography · Animal population management · Environmental health
1 Introduction Epidemiological surveillance is crucial, not only to assess pathogen geographic distribution but also to understand the ecology, impact and dynamics of the diseases, allowing a better population management and prophylaxis. Viruses are biochemical machines, recognized as pathogens for a highly diverse host spectrum, with the capacity to induce acute infectious disease but also chronic diseases; they are also linked to tumour development as well as neurological and autoimmune diseases (Dimaio 2014). Under a conservation medicine perspective, viruses are highly challenging pathogens and their disruptive role in health management of domestic and wild animal population is recognized. In the last years, an increase of emergent diseases has been identified, with a growing awareness of the importance of wildlife as primary reservoirs of pathogens, providing a spill over platform for domestic animals and humans, but also as the pathogen primary target, posing a conservational threat. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 A. Freitas Duarte and L. Lopes da Costa (Eds.): Advances in Animal Health, Medicine and Production, pp. 288–300, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61981-7_16
Domestic, Wildlife and Environmental Virology
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In 1994 a Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) outbreak was identified in the lion population of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, inducing fatal neurological and respiratory lesions. The genetic characterization of the CDV virus identified a spillover episode from a previous CDV outbreak recorded in canids from the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem between 1978–1991 (Roelke-Parker et al. 1996). In 2012 in Denmark, the occurrence of a CDV outbreak in farmed mink, suggested the existence of a wildlife viral reservoir, providing an epidemiological link of viral transmission between farmed and wild animals (Trebbien et al. 2014). Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV) emerged from Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) in the 1970s, inducing a pandemic in the new susceptible hosts. The cross-species transfer most probably involved an unidentified carnivore. Presently CPV-2 has evolve
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