Effects of an artificial diet on development, reproduction and digestive physiology of Chrysopa septempunctata
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Effects of an artificial diet on development, reproduction and digestive physiology of Chrysopa septempunctata F. Liu • C. Liu • F. Zeng
Received: 5 November 2012 / Accepted: 11 June 2013 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2013
Abstract The effects of an artificial diet on growth, development, reproduction and digestive physiology of Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael were determined. The results showed that the reproduction was highly correlated with weights of females and activities of trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes of C. septempunctata. The influences of diet on the digestive physiology such as digestive enzyme activity of a predator may be used to assess the reproductive potential of a predator, and therefore to provide a way to speed up the development and screening of artificial diets. Keywords Artificial diet Chrysopa septempunctata Fecundity Digestive enzymes
Handling Editor: Patrick De Clercq. F. Liu and C. Liu have contributed equally to this study. F. Liu C. Liu F. Zeng (&) The Key Laboratory of Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to using biological control programs for crop insect pest management. The application of augmentative biological control measures is dependent upon the production of large numbers of high quality predators (Smith and Nordlund 2000; Riddick 2009). The quality of the available food or diet is a key factor affecting the growth, development and reproduction of predatory insects (Thompson 1999), and the biological characteristics of these species, e.g., their development, mortality, longevity and reproduction, can be used to evaluate the quality of a diet (Grenier and De Clercq 2003; Sighinolfi et al. 2008). Green lacewings are among the most effective general entomophagous predators (Boo et al. 1998) because of their extensive range of prey and wide distribution (Tauber et al. 2000). The larvae of green lacewings are predators and are commonly known as ‘‘aphid lions’’ (Principi and Canard 1984). The adults of many green lacewing species are not predators (Medina et al. 2004). Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael is different from other green lacewings in that both its larvae and adults can prey on insect pests (Zhang et al. 2004). Therefore, C. septempunctata is a key predator that can be used in biological control programs. As Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris is a key pest of leguminous crops and is also a natural prey of green lacewing
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(Abdulmadzhid 1973; Zhao 1988; Pappas et al. 2011), A. pisum was used as a control food in this study on C. septempunctata. Proteases and lipases are digestive enzymes that are specifically associated with zoophagy in insects (Cohen 1998a, b; Agusti and Cohen 2000; Zeng and Cohen 2000; Boyd et al. 2002). Proteases catalyze the production
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