Eighteenth-Century Europe
This new edition of this highly successful and influential work includes two entirely new chapters - on Europe and the wider world and on the Revolutionary crisis - and is extensively revised throughout. It offers a wide-ranging thematic account of the ce
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Eighteenth-Century Europe
HISTORY OF EUROPE PUBLISHED Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 (second edition)
Roger Collins Sixteenth-Century Europe
Richard Mackenney Seventeenth-Century Europe, 1598-1700
Thomas Munck Eighteenth-Century Europe (second edition)
1eremy Black
FORTHCOMING Nineteenth-Century Europe, 1789-1914
Alan Sked Twentieth-Century Europe
Richard Vinen
History of Europe Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71699-1 hardcover ISBN 978-0-333-69381-0 paperback (outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the tide of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Macmillan History of Europe
Eighteenth-Century Europe
Jeremy Black Second Edition
© Jeremy Black 1990,1999
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London Wl P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1990 Second edition 1999 MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-77335-2 ISBN 978-1-349-27768-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27768-1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 08
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Published in the United States of America by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 100lO ISBN 978-0-312-22539-1 (paper)
To Robert Baldock a friend whose wise counsel I appreciate as greatly as I enJoy his company
Contents
List ofmaps Chronology Rulers of the major states Preface to the second edition
x Xl XV
xvm
1 Hostile Environment
1
Demography, disease and death Calamities and conservatism
2 Economic Framework
1 16 26
26 48
Agriculture Industry
3 The Wheels of Commerce Communications Money, standards and credit Trade Achanging economy 4 Society Women and families The orders of society Nobility The middling orders Peasantry
64 64 70 78 95 102
102 118 125 142 143
5 Towns Growth or decline Towns as centres of privilege and control Town and country Towns and
