Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Permalloy and Permalloy-Magnetite Composite Coatings and Investigation of Their Magn
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Magnetic hysteresis loops of permalloy coatings With different amounts of magnetite particles
(a)
Surface morphology
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3575-7 Ó The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2016 SARA FAZLI, M.Sc. Graduate Student, and M.E. BAHROLOLOOM, Professor, are with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Blvd., Shiraz, 7134851154, Iran. Contact e-mail: bahrolom@ shirazu.ac.ir Manuscript submitted October 28, 2015. Article published online June 7, 2016 4316—VOLUME 47A, AUGUST 2016
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
I.
INTRODUCTION
NI-FE alloy coatings required for microelectronic applications are usually produced by electrodeposition. This is due to the flexibility of electrodeposition as a fabrication technique.[1] According to the individual deposition characteristics of nickel and iron, Ni would be expected to deposit faster than Fe. However, the preferential deposition of the less noble metal, i.e., Fe, to Ni has been reported.[2,3] This critical point in the electrodeposition of Ni-Fe alloys should be controlled by adding a complex agent to achieve a certain composition of Ni-Fe alloy, such as permalloy. Among many candidates for magnetic materials, permalloy is more common because of its good soft magnetic properties, high magnetic resistivity,[4] low magnetorestriction, high permeability, high sensitivity, high magnetic saturation, and low coercivity.[5,6] Due to these properties, permalloy is used as a soft magnetic material in microelectromechanical systems,[7,8] micro-relays,[9] inductors,[10] and giant magnetoimpedance sensors.[11,12] According to the Herzers‘s model,[13,14] below a critical grain size (the ferromagnetic exchange length), as the nanocrystalline grain size decreases, the coercivity of the ferromagnetic materials will decrease. The ferromagnetic exchange length of a permalloy foil, which is prepared by the electrodeposition process, has been estimated to be around 270 nm.[15] The coercivity of magnetic materials is not an intrinsic property. The method of synthesis of a permalloy layer is the key issue for achieving some appropriate magnetic properties. With the advent of the nanostructured materials, electrodeposition techniques have changed astonishingly.[16] The scientists have attempted to find more techniques which can significantly improve the properties of nanocrystalline magnetic materials.[17–19] Nickel-iron alloys have been utilized in industrial applications for more than a century.[20] Producing smaller magnetic devices with more efficient stored magnetic energy is possible by increasing the saturation flux density of magnetic materials.[8] The technique of composite deposition has been recognized since the early 1960s.[21] It is confirmed that the presence of insoluble substances in a deposition bath results in codeposition of metal and particles in a coating.[22,23] Incorporation of a second phase in a metal coating has some significant preferences compared to the conventional depos
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