Electronic Imaging in Astronomy Detectors and Instrumentation
The second edition of Electronic Imaging in Astronomy: Detectors and Instrumentation describes the remarkable developments that have taken place in astronomical detectors and instrumentation in recent years – from the invention of the charge-coupled devic
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Ian S. McLean
Electronic Imaging in Astronomy Detectors and Instrumentation (Second Edition)
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Professor Ian S. McLean Director, Infrared Laboratory Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Los Angeles California USA
The author gratefully acknowledges permission to use the images depicted on the cover. Left image (radio): Middle image (X-ray): Right image (visible): Keck telescopes (back cover):
NSF/VLA/Univ. Hertfordshire/M.J. Hardcastle NASA/CXC/CfA/R. Kraft et al. WFI/ESO/MPG 2.2-m telescope/BenoõÃt Vandame (ESO) WMKO/Ian McLean
SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ASTRONOMY AND PLANETARY SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITORS: Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior Scientist, Department of Physics, University of Bath, UK; John Mason, M.Sc., B.Sc., Ph.D.
ISBN 978-3-540-76582-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2008926610 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2008 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
About the author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xvii
List of ®gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxi
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxix
List of abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxxi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
1
The development of electronic imaging in astronomy . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Observational astronomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Historical development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 What are the observables? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 From eyes to electronic sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 The eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2
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