Engineered nanomaterials as fighters against SARS-CoV-2: The way to control and treat pandemics
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THE EPIDEMICS OF COVID-19
Engineered nanomaterials as fighters against SARS-CoV-2: The way to control and treat pandemics Mohamed Abd Elkodous 1,2
&
Gharieb S. El-Sayyad 3,4
&
Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim 5,6
Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this editorial trend, we aim to collect and present recently available data about the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus, severity, infection, replication, diagnosis, and current medications. In addition, we propose the role of nanomaterials in controlling and treating COVID-19 through their antiviral and antibacterial potential with suggested action mechanisms indicating the capability of interaction between these nanomaterials and SARS-CoV-2. These nanomaterials might be among the possible and most effective cures against coronavirus. Keywords Corona viruses . Nanomaterials . COVID-19 . Nano-vaccines . Nanodrugs
Introduction COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a lethal beta-type virus belonging to a related group of viruses known as coronaviruses, leading to serious infections in the respiratory tract of humans (Fan et al. 2019; Sivakumar 2020; Yang and Wang 2020). Many human coronaviruses have been discovered such as SARS-CoV, HCoV NL63, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 disease (Su et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2020). The name of coronaviruses was derived from Latin corona meaning crown, the name corresponds to their unique morphology due to the presence of viral spike proteins (Chafekar 2012; Lopez 2007).
Coronaviruses have large spherical structures with an average diameter of 120 nm, and they have a lipid bilayer envelope of about 80 nm and 20 nm long spikes (Buzon et al. 2011; Fehr and Perlman 2015; Goldsmith et al. 2004; Yang and Wang 2020). The members of beta-coronavirus possess additional short-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE) on their surfaces (Fehr and Perlman 2015). Interestingly, the structural proteins of the membrane, envelope, and the spike are anchored. In December 2019, COVID-19 emerged for the first time in China and has quickly-transmitted in the world (Angel-Korman et al. 2020). Recently, COVID-19 pandemic outbreak was recently-declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Angel-Korman et al. 2020).
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Mohamed Abd Elkodous [email protected]
3
Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
4
Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College (MTC), Egyptian Armed Forces, Cairo, Egypt
5
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal university, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
* Gharieb S. El-Sayyad [email protected] * Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim abdelda
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