English Translation and Validation of the Ikigai-9 in a UK Sample
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English Translation and Validation of the Ikigai-9 in a UK Sample Dean Fido 1
1
& Yasuhiro Kotera & Kenichi Asano
2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract
The psychological construct of ‘ikigai’ reflects the sense of having a ‘reason for living’ and has been associated with various positive health-related outcomes. This study presents an English translation of the Ikigai-9, empirically explores the manifestation of ikigai in the UK, and outlines its associations with facets of well-being. Three hundred forty-nine participants self-reported levels of ikigai as well as state measures of mental well-being, depression, anxiety and stress. Confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original three-factor model, favouring instead a single-factor solution. Results indicated that above sex and age, ikigai predicted greater scores of mental well-being and lower scores of depression. The Ikigai-9 has high internal reliability and presents a logistically convenient measure of ikigai for English-speaking populations. However, further validation (e.g. test-retest reliability) is required to develop a better understanding of the potential protective role of ikigai in mental health. Keywords Ikigai . Scale development . Well-being . Depression . Anxiety . Stress In Japanese culture, the term ‘ikigai’ refers to having ‘purpose in life’ or a ‘reason for living’ (Mathews 1996; Mori et al. 2017; Park 2015). Although other translations exist, such as those pertaining to the processes of ‘realising’ or ‘gaining joy from’ such purpose (Toshirō et al. 2003), scholars maintain that ikigai should be considered a composite construct, encompassing meaning, motivations and values in life (Kumano 2012; Weiss et al. 2005). Recently, there has been a significant increase in the exploration of ikigai across areas of positive-psychology and preventative-medicine (García, Miralles, & Cleary, 2017), with ikigai being considered a key predictor of physical and psychological well-being
* Dean Fido [email protected]
1
University of Derby Online Learning , University of Derby, Enterprise Centre, Bridge Street, Derby DE1 3LD, UK
2
Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mejiro University, Tokyo, Japan
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
(Mori et al. 2017; Weiss et al. 2005). At a cross-sectional level, having ikigai has been positively associated with self-reported physical health in the elderly (Murata et al. 2006) and negatively associated with psychological burden in their carers (Okamotoa and Harasawab 2009). Moreover, the presence of ikigai has been consistently shown to benefit facets of well-being and mortality across multiple, large-scale longitudinal studies. Specifically, the presence of ikigai has been significantly associated with reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke (Koizumi et al. 2008 (13.3-year follow-up); Tanno et al. 2009 (5-year follow-up); Sone et al. 2008 (7-year follow-up)), functional disability after contr
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