Epidemiology of Begomoviruses: A Global Perspective
Geminiviridae, particularly the Begomovirus, represents a family of DNA viruses that emerged as one of the most successful viral pathogens causing severe economic losses to dicotyledonous plants widely used as food, fiber, and ornamentals in tropical and
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L. Mahatma, M.K. Mahatma, J.R. Pandya, R.K. Solanki, and V.A. Solanki “Epidemiology is the science of disease in populations. Sometimes one needs to distinguish between the study of disease in populations and the study of populations of pathogens”. Van der Plank JE (1963) Plant Disease: Epidemics and Control
Abstract
Geminiviridae, particularly the Begomovirus, represents a family of DNA viruses that emerged as one of the most successful viral pathogens causing severe economic losses to dicotyledonous plants widely used as food, fiber, and ornamentals in tropical and subtropical agroecosystem. Diseases caused by the Begomovirus in cassava, cotton, tomato, okra, and mung bean are severe and have attained international status because of their loss and spread. Significant work has been done and reviewed on the epidemiological aspect of the diseases; however, it has mainly focused on the molecular diversity of the pathogen in the environment. Various factors affecting epidemics, viz., variation in the vector, virus, and environment, are most important in the outbreak and spread of the disease. Source of primary inoculum for most of the Begomovirus is still not completely elucidated. Recently, there was a report on the role of seeds in the indirect transmission of the Begomovirus in mung bean. In the present review, a holistic up-to-date view encompassing both studies of the disease in the populations and population of pathogens is discussed. Keywords
Begomovirus • Satellites molecules • Epidemics • Vectors • Indirect seed transmission
L. Mahatma (*) • J.R. Pandya • V.A. Solanki Department of Plant Pathology, NM College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India e-mail: [email protected]
M.K. Mahatma ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, P. Box # 5, Ivnagar Road, Junagadh 362 001, Gujarat, India R.K. Solanki ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji, Ajmer 305 206, Rajasthan, India
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 R.K. Gaur et al. (eds.), Plant Viruses: Evolution and Management, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1406-2_10
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Introduction
Among biotic factors affecting plants, viruses are the potent biotic enemies, causing significant losses, and a precise technology for its effective management is yet to come. Mainly, plantinfecting viruses utilize an RNA genome, suggesting that the plant has imposed strict constraints on the evolution of DNA viruses. Geminiviruses, particularly the Begomovirus, represent a family of DNA viruses that have circumvented these impediments to emerge as one of the most successful viral pathogens causing severe economic losses to dicotyledonous plants widely used as food, fiber, and ornamentals in tropical and subtropical agroecosystem. The first documentary proof of existence of any viral disease on the plant was given by Japanese Empress Koken in 752 A.D. in a poem and translated by T. Inouye as “In this village, it looks as if frosting continuously, for the plant, I saw in the field of sum
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