Epinephrine
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Intracranial haemorrhage in an elderly patient: case report A 65-year-old woman received an IM epinephrine 0.3mg injection [EpiPen; adrenaline] following a wasp sting on her tongue. During transportation to the emergency department (ED), she reported a moderate-to-severe bifrontal headache. Her headache persisted upon arrival to the ED. Two hours later, she received rizatriptan, and she received ketorolac 2 hours after that. Six hours after arrival to the ED, she became more somnolent and confused. A CT scan revealed a right frontal-parietal intraparenchymal haemorrhage with midline shift and mass effect. She underwent a frontal craniotomy, and her postoperative course was relatively uneventful. At last follow-up, she had resolving palsy of the frontalis muscle of the forehead. Author comment: "The close temporal relationship between the administration of IM epinephrine with the headache onset and the initial elevated blood pressure lends further support to the potential causal relationship of epinephrine and the intracranial haemorrhage." Levis JT, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage after prehospital administration of intramuscular epinephrine. Journal of Emergency Medicine 40: e107-e110, No. 6, Jun 2011. Available from: URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.01.008 803057823 - USA
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