Estimates of Sea Ice Mechanical Properties in the Kara Sea
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Pure and Applied Geophysics
Estimates of Sea Ice Mechanical Properties in the Kara Sea CHENGLIN DUAN,1,2 SHENG DONG,1,2 and ZHIFENG WANG1,2 Abstract—On the basis of available public data, an approximate theoretical approach for characterizing the Arctic sea ice engineering properties is explored and discussed in the Kara Sea. The corrected ERA-Interim sea ice thickness and ORAP5 sea ice temperature database are selected as the basic ice physical parameters. The formulas recommended by ISO 19906 are chosen as the estimation criteria for the ice mechanical properties. The generalized extreme value theory is used to analyze the ice extreme statistics. Specifically, the typical mechanical properties including compressive strength, flexural strength, shear strength and elastic modulus are comprehensively studied. The results reveal that all the mechanical properties show higher levels in the northeastern zone than in the southwestern zone, with the heaviest ice regime around the southwestern Severnaya Zemlya. In addition, an uncertainty analysis is provided. Compared to the published measurements, the snowless flexural strength values obtained are relatively conservative. Additionally, the shear equation in ISO 19906 should be pre-corrected before practical application. Keywords: Sea ice, mechanical property, return value, ISO 19906, uncertainty analysis, Kara Sea.
1. Introduction In the cold Arctic region, the Kara Sea is particularly conspicuous and distinctive among the marginal seas or oceans of the Arctic Ocean. As a semi-closed sea (Fig. 1), the Kara Sea is not only abundant in oil and gas resources, but it also possesses suitable topographic conditions. Thirty-nine percent of the richest potential oil and gas resources in the Russian Arctic are stored in the Kara Sea, followed by the Barents Sea with 25%, the Pechora Sea with 10%, East Siberian Sea with 9%, and other
1 College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Qingdao 266100, People’s Republic of China.
seas with no more than 5% (Fig. 2). The average topographic depth in the Kara Sea is approximately 110 m, with 40% of the depth less than 50 m (Stein 2008; Portnova and Polukhin 2018), which is conducive to the exploitation and development of natural resources. The Kara Sea is also an essential passageway of the Northern Sea Route (Marchenko 2014). In general, the Kara Sea is divided into the southwestern and northeastern zones in terms of the different oceanographic and meteorological conditions, according to the boundary (see central dotted line in Fig. 1) between Cape Zhelaniya and Dikson Island (International Organization for Standardization 2010). Because of high-latitude and low temperature effects, the extensive sea ice cover is the most remarkable marine geophysical scenery in the Kara Sea. The sea ice itself has climatic and engineering characteristics. Against the backdrop of a rapid sea ice decrease in the Arctic
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