Eutrophication of Freshwaters Principles, problems and restoration
Eutrophication is a problem which became widely recognised by the scientific community in the 1940s and 1950s. It raised public concern, resulting in increased research effort and expenditure on management techniques through the 1960s and 1970s, recognise
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DAVID HARPER Ecology Unit Department of Zoology University of Leicester With a chapter on the Norfolk Broads by Geoff Phillips
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SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1992
©
1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 Typeset in 11 on 121f2pt Sabon by Columns Design and Production Services Ltd St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk ISBN 978-94-010-5366-2 ISBN 978-94-011-3082-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3082-0
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Contents
Preface
VI
1. What is eutrophication?
1.1 1.2 1.3
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Introduction Definition and origin of the term eutrophication Links between eutrophication, biological changes and productivity in lakes Eutrophication as a natural part of lake succession Extent of artificial eutrophication Eutrophication in rivers, estuaries and coastal waters Measurement of eutrophication
2. The nutrients causing eutrophication, and their sources 2.1 The requirements of living cells for survival and growth 2.2 The important limiting nutrients 2.3 The supply of nitrogen and phosphorus to lakes 2.4 Relative importance of diffuse and point sources in catchments 2.5 Global aspects of nutrient runoff 2.6 Methods for estimating the magnitude of nutrient losses from catchments
1
1 2 5 17 23 26 28 29 29 30 36 53 55 56
3. The biochemical manifestations of eutrophication 61 3.1 The components of nutrient cycles in aquatic systems 61 3.2 The ultimate sinks of inflowing nitrogen and phosphorus 72 3.3 Changes in the cycles which occur as a consequence of enhanced nutrient inputs 73 77 3.4 The importance of the littoral zone in nutrient cycles 3.5 Seasonal patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in lakes 78 3.6 Important features of nutrient transformations in rivers and estuaries 79
iv Contents
4. The biological effects of eutrophication 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Production and species changes of algae and 4.3 4.4
