Extracellular Matrix Biomarkers of Adverse Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction
Approximately every minute, someone will die from a myocardial infarction (MI). A MI is the result of an obstruction of blood supply causing the heart to undergo complex structural and functional changes in the left ventricular wall, known as ventricular
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Extracellular Matrix Biomarkers of Adverse Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Kristine Y. DeLeon, Lisandra E. de Castro Brás, Yonggang Ma, Ganesh V. Halade, Jianhua Zhang, and Merry L. Lindsey
Abstract Approximately every minute, someone will die from a myocardial infarction (MI). A MI is the result of an obstruction of blood supply causing the heart to undergo complex structural and functional changes in the left ventricular wall, known as ventricular remodeling. Cardiomyocytes undergo necrosis rapidly after the onset of injury, leading to early accumulation of neutrophils, activation of metalloproteinases, and degradation of the stromal tissue, eventually leading to formation of a collagen scar. Circulating factors related to inflammatory and fibrotic responses are key predictors of extracellular matrix (ECM) changes that occur after MI. Changes in the collagen network of the ECM can alter myocardial stiffness, consequently leading to cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and LV dysfunction. Proteins and peptides of the ECM are promising biomarkers for MI. This book chapter provides an overview of key ECM biomarkers involved in adverse remodeling post-MI and their practical applications. Keywords Cardiac remodeling • Myocardial infarction • Extracellular matrix • Biomarkers
K.Y. DeLeon • L.E. de Castro Brás • Y. Ma • G.V. Halade • J. Zhang • M.L. Lindsey, Ph.D. (*) San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHCSA), 15355 Lambda Drive, MC 7755, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCA), 15355 Lambda Drive, MC 7755, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA e-mail: [email protected] B.I. Jugdutt and N.S. Dhalla (eds.), Cardiac Remodeling: Molecular Mechanisms, Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease 5, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5930-9_22, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States accounting for approximately 40% of all deaths. CVD includes a wide range of diseases that differ considerably in time scale and relative effects of genes and environment [1]. Of the different types of CVD, myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for the majority of morbidity and mortality. According to the latest American Heart Association statistics, each year an estimated 785,000 Americans will have a new coronary attack, 470,000 will have a recurrent attack, and an additional 195,000 will have a silent first MI [2]. Approximately every 25 s, an American will have a coronary event, and approximately every minute, someone will die of one [2].
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What Is a Myocardial Infarction?
A MI is the result of an obstruction of blood supply to a section of the heart, causing myocyte death. Post-MI, the heart undergoes complex structural and functional changes in the left ventricular wall, known as ventr
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