Fabrication and synthesis of SnO X thin films: a review
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fabrication and synthesis of SnOX thin films: a review Emeka Charles Nwanna 1 & Patrick Ehi Imoisili 1 & Tien-Chien Jen 1 Received: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Due to its exceptional electrical, optical, chemical and magnetic properties, tin oxide (SnO and SnO2), which is a functional material, has gained enormous attention for use in a variety of applications. Films of SnOX have a direct band gap between the ranges of 2.2 and 3.6 eV, with these films finding usefulness in various functions such as solar cells, transparent conducting oxides for gas sensors, lithium-ion batteries and microelectronics, and use in the optoelectronics industries. In order to satisfy the needs of a broad range of these applications, thin films with an extensive properties span defined by film composition, thickness, structural properties and morphology are required. This article explains the theory and research status of the various manufacturing processes of tin oxide. The purpose is to analyze the effects of the thin films through distinct forms of deposition. The general finding summarized in this research on SnOX showed that various researchers studied specific characteristics of tin oxide properties restricted by experimental conditions. Keywords Thin films . Tin oxide . Band gap . Transparent conducting oxide . Solar cells
1 Introduction State-of-the-art industrial metal oxide gas sensors are primarily screen-printed on bulk ceramic heater substrates using thick film materials [1]. This thick metal oxide gas sensors films find extensive uses in a range of applications for gas detection and alarms [2]. The deposition of thick film metal oxide materials is an established technique that provides minimal cost alongside substantial flexibility for various needed applications [3]. However, the drawbacks of this technology include baseline drift, low selectivity and substantial electrical energy consumption for exerting heat energy on the thick film sensors to their standard operating temperature range [4]. As a result of their cumbersome nature, these gas-sensing devices demonstrate heating power consumption of the magnitude of several hundreds of mw for each sensor device, therefore rendering these sensors undesirable for battery-operated systems [3]. Additionally, the heavy power usage of industrial metal oxide gas sensors is equally a major barrier towards achieving gas sensor arrays comprising gas sensing elements having * Tien-Chien Jen [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
systematically different cross sensitivity profiles. To allow solutions that extend from basic low-energy gas sensing elements to full sensor arrays, it is necessary that potential metal oxide sensors be nanosized, while sensor processing requires consistency with the usual processing routines for silicon foundry refi
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