Field Evaluation
A total of five pests such as Aphis craccivora, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Mylabris indica, and grasshoppers were recorded both in summer and kharif. However, these pest populations were drastically decreased after introduction of oligidic d
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Field Evaluation
Abstract
A total of five pests such as Aphis craccivora, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Mylabris indica, and grasshoppers were recorded both in summer and kharif. However, these pest populations were drastically decreased after introduction of oligidic diet-reared predator. Among all predators recorded, Rhynocoris marginatus was the most abundant in the groundnut field. From this result, it was very clear that Rhynocoris marginatus greatly suppressed the population of Spodoptera litura, Aphis craccivora, Helicoverpa armigera, and Pericallia ricini. In summer Rhynocoris fuscipes, spiders, dragonfly, Mantis religiosa, and Coccinella septempunctata were established. Among the two-diet regime, OD-reared Rhynocoris marginatus slightly and highly reduce the pest populations. Production of the groundnut was high in the artificial diet-reared predator. Similarly the cost-benefit ratio was maximum in the field-released OD predator (1:2) followed by T1 (CC)-reared predator (1:1.8). Among the treatments, number of two pods was more than three pods in a groundnut plant. During summer, groundnut production was maximum in the oligidic diet-reared predator plot (1224 kg/h) followed by T1 (936.00 kg/h) and minimum in the control plot (728.00 kg/h). Same trend was also observed in kharif. During kharif, the percent avoidable loss (PAL) was maximum (23.33 %) in field-released OD-reared predator, followed by T1-reared predator released (14.81 %). Keywords
Integrated pest management • Zelus • Coranus • Rhynocoris • Pristhesancus • Economically imporant crop • Cost-benefit ratio
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 K. Sahayaraj, R. Balasubramanian, Artificial Rearing of Reduviid Predators for Pest Management, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2522-8_7
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7.1
7 Field Evaluation
Biological Control: An Overview
Biological control is often viewed as a promising alternative or complement to pesticides in integrated pest management (IPM) programs (Bengtsson et al. 2005; Hole et al. 2005). The successes and failures of biological control have been extensively reviewed (van Driesche and Bellows 1996; Cardinale et al. 2003; Aquilino et al. 2005; Byrnes et al. 2005; Wilby et al. 2005). Factors that can influence the effectiveness of biological control agents include agent specificity (generalist or specialist), the type of agent (predator, parasitoid, or pathogen), the timing and number of releases, the method of release, synchrony of the natural enemy with the host, field conditions, and release rate. Augmentative, or inundative, biological control is the release of large numbers of natural enemies to augment natural enemy populations or inundate pest populations with natural enemies (Snyder et al. 2008).
7.2
Commercial Available Entomophagous Insects
More than 125 species of entomophagous arthropods are commercially used as augmentative biological control. Augmentative release of the predator is a main component in the IPM, and especially the reduviids play a major role in the suppression of
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