Flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect of bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate modified layered double hydroxides derived
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect of bis(4‑nitrophenyl) phosphate modified layered double hydroxides derived from red mud in thermoplastic polyurethanes Yi Qian1 · Haoyue Han2 · Long Li2 · Peng Qiao1 · Guozhang Chang3 Received: 8 October 2019 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Red mud-based layered double hydroxides (LRM) was synthesized by a co-precipitation route, and then a hybrid with bis(4nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP)-modified LRM material (BRL) was prepared in this paper. Through X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis, the results show that BRL is better dispersed than LRM. Then, thermoplastics polyurethanes (TPU) was used as the base material. TPU/LRM and TPU/BRL composites were prepared by a melt-blending method. Cone calorimeter test (CCT) was used to investigate the effect on flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Specifically, the PHRR values of TPU/LRM and TPU/BRL composites were reduced by 41.6% and 52.5% compared with pure TPU sample. The main factor of improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression can be explained by the catalytic carbonization of LRM or BRL in solid phase and the P-radicals (such as P O· and H PO·) in gas phase which demonstrated by thermo-gravimetric analyzer test (TGA) and char analysis. Keywords Red mud · Nanocomposites · Flame retardancy · Layered structures
Introduction Red mud (RD) is an industry solid waste produced during the alumina production. Because of the ferric oxide in red mud, RD presents a rusty red tint. According to the different alumina production processes, red mud can be divided into three categories: Bayer red mud, sintered red mud and mixed red mud. Bayer process currently underpins over 95% of alumina production globally [1]. Typically, about 0.5–1.8 tons of red mud for each 1 ton of alumina produced [1, 2]. * Yi Qian [email protected] * Long Li [email protected] 1
College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
2
College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
3
State Key Laboratory of High‑Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
Figure 1 presents a typical alumina process [4]. China is a major producer of alumina. While in china, approximately 30 billion tons were generated per year, but the comprehensive utilization rate of red mud is only 4% because it is high pH value, of between 10 and 13, and its large quantity [3, 5]. With the year-on-year growth of alumina production and the reduction of bauxite grade, the annual production of red mud will continue to increase. It is estimated that the accumulated stock of red mud will reach 800 million tons in 2020 [1, 2]. Due to the chemical and mineralogical species present
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