Fossil Earthquakes: The Formation and Preservation of Pseudotachylytes

The topics covered in this book encompass the principl results of field investigations, analyses of meso-scale and micro-scale textures and structures, laboratory experiments, chemical analyses, conceptual fault models, as well as the implications of faul

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11

A. Lin

Fossil Earthquakes: The Formation and Preservation of Pseudotachylytes With 217 Figures 33 Tables

Aiming Lin Shizuoka University Graduate School of Science & Technology 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937505 “For all Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences published till now please see final pages of the book”

ISSN 0930-0317 ISBN 978-3-540-74235-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008  The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting:by the authors and Integra using a Springer LATEX macro package Printed on acid-free paper

SPIN: 12054459

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Preface

Most books on earthquakes that are written by geophysicists focus on seismotectonics and analyses of earthquake waves recorded on seismographs in terms of seismic-source parameters such as seismic moment, focus location and depth, and rupture parameters. In contrast, traditional textbooks of tectonics and structural geology that are written by geologists are generally based on the principles of geology in terms of both their subject matter and the approach taken to studying the evolution of Earth. While Yeats et al. (1997) wrote a comprehensive textbook on the geology of earthquakes, including coverage of active global tectonics and paleoseismic studies, we have yet to see a book that focuses on earthquake-source materials that are produced or deformed by both seismic faulting and aseismic creep within seismogenic fault zones at different levels in the crust. The current book, Fossil Earthquakes: Formation and Preservation of Pseudotachylytes, addresses this shortcoming, focusing on the mechanisms and processes of formation of pseudotachylyte and related earthquake materials that form within natural fault zones and those that are generated artificially in high-velocity frictional experiments. The content of the book is largely based courses that I taught on Earthquake Geology and Structural Geology, beginning as lecture notes for undergraduate and graduate students of Earth Science at Shizuoka University, Japan. I hope that the book helps to bridge the gap betwe