Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of circumsporozoite protein in Myanmar Plasmodium vivax
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alaria Journal Open Access
RESEARCH
Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of circumsporozoite protein in Myanmar Plasmodium vivax Tuấn Cường Võ1,2, Hương Giang Lê1,2, Jung‑Mi Kang1,2, Mya Moe3, Haung Naw1,2, Moe Kyaw Myint3, Jinyoung Lee4, Woon‑Mok Sohn1, Tong‑Soo Kim4 and Byoung‑Kuk Na1,2*
Abstract Background: Circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) of malaria parasites has been recognized as one of the leading vaccine candidates. Clinical trials of vaccines for vivax malaria incorporating Plasmodium vivax CSP (PvCSP) have dem‑ onstrated their effectiveness in preventing malaria, at least in part. However, genetic diversity of pvcsp in the natural population remains a major concern. Methods: A total of 171 blood samples collected from patients infected with Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar were analysed in this study. The pvcsp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, followed by cloning and sequencing. Polymorphic characteristics and natural selection of pvcsp population in Myanmar were analysed using DNASTAR, MEGA6 and DnaSP programs. The polymorphic pattern and natural selection of publicly accessible global pvcsp sequences were also comparatively analysed. Results: Myanmar pvcsp sequences were divided into two subtypes VK210 and VK247 comprising 143 and 28 sequences, respectively. The VK210 subtypes showed higher levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism than the VK247 subtypes. The N-terminal non-repeat region of pvcsp displayed limited genetic variations in the global popula‑ tion. Different patterns of octapeptide insertion (ANKKAEDA in VK210 and ANKKAGDA in VK247) and tetrapeptide repeat motif (GGNA) were identified in the C-terminal region of global pvcsp population. Meanwhile, the central repeat region (CRR) of Myanmar and global pvcsp, both in VK210 and VK247 variants, was highly polymorphic. The high level of genetic diversity in the CRR has been attributed to the different numbers, types and combinations of peptide repeat motifs (PRMs). Interestingly, 27 and 5 novel PRMs were found in Myanmar VK210 and VK247 variants, respectively. Conclusion: Comparative analysis of the global pvcsp population suggests a complex genetic profile of pvcsp in the global population. These results widen understanding of the genetic make-up of pvcsp in the global P. vivax popula‑ tion and provide valuable information for the development of a vaccine based on PvCSP. Keywords: Plasmodium vivax, Circumsporozoite protein, Genetic polymorphism, Natural selection, Myanmar
*Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Background Malaria caused by Plasmodium species has threatened human health since ancient time [1]. The mortality and morbidity of malaria has greatly decreased in recent years; however, an estimated 219 million cases and 435,000 deaths due to malaria were reported globally in 2017 [2]. Among five human malaria par
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