Genetic Predictors of Exercise Training Response
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Genetic Predictors of Exercise Training Response Tuomo Rankinen & Claude Bouchard
Published online: 25 May 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract Both observational studies and randomized, controlled interventions have shown that regular physical activity provides several health benefits. Although exercise programs improve risk factor profiles on average, a substantial body of evidence indicates that there are considerable inter-individual differences in response to these programs. Ability to predict who will be a high- or low-responder to exercise would be desirable from a physiologic and clinical perspective. The first exercise training studies utilizing objective genome-wide screening methods were published in 2010, and both reports identified a group of genes and DNA sequence variants that explained a considerable portion of variance in VO2max training response. These studies strongly suggest that genomic markers can be used to identify high- and low-responders to regular exercise. However, additional research is needed to confirm these findings, to maximize the predictive power of genomic markers in all ethnic groups, and to develop strategies on how to deal with lowand non-responders before predictive genomic markers are ready for clinical use. Keywords Genomics . Exercise training . Cardiorespiratory fitness . Personalized medicine . Single nucleotide polymorphisms
T. Rankinen (*) : C. Bouchard Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Since Morris et al. [1, 2] published their seminal studies on occupational physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease in London public transportation workers in the 1950s, several epidemiologic observational studies have confirmed that both regular physical activity and moderateto-good cardiorespiratory fitness level are associated with lower risk of mortality as well as reduced morbidities and more favorable risk factor profile for common chronic diseases [3–11]. Furthermore, randomized, controlled exercise interventions have established over the past 30 years that regular exercise induces beneficial changes in several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and other common diseases [12–16]. Consequently, a physically active lifestyle is now recommended as an integral part of prevention and treatment programs for high blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglycerides, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disturbances [17]. Exercise-related health benefits are usually evaluated as mean responses to an exercise program stimulus, and these mean effects have been typically translated as applicable to entire populations. However, a substantial body of evidence indicates that there are considerable inter-individual differences in risk factor responses to standardized, supervised exercise programs; some individuals show improvements that are far greater than those observed on av
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