Hydrothermal synthesis of rutile TiO 2 nanorods and their decoration with CeO 2 nanoparticles as low-photocatalytic acti
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Hydrothermal synthesis of rutile TiO2 nanorods and their decoration with CeO2 nanoparticles as lowphotocatalytic active ingredients in UV filtering applications Alexander Morlando1, Jared McNamara2, Yaser Rehman1, Vitor Sencadas2,3, Philip J. Barker4, and Konstantin Konstantinov1,* 1
Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia 2 School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia 3 ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia 4 School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
Received: 8 January 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 23 March 2020
The use of TiO2 nanoparticles in sunscreen products has raised concern over their oxidative potential and adverse health effects brought about by their propensity to produce free radicals when exposed to UV radiation. In this study, an investigation into industry-scalable methods for synthesizing rutile TiO2 nanorods with controllable morphological characteristics was carried out. The effects of hydrothermal reaction temperature and nitric acid concentration on the crystal phase, composition and morphology were explored to assess the most suitable conditions for reproduction. Optimal reaction conditions for obtaining purely rutile TiO2 nanorods occurred when treating the titania precursor at 150 °C for 24 h with 16 M nitric acid. Here, these rutile nanorods are decorated with CeO2 nanoparticles, as a means of producing a material with high UV attenuation and low photocatalytic activity. The nanocomposite materials are prepared using facile hydrothermal and precipitation methods and showed selective UV absorption whilst also demonstrating a reduction in photocatalytic activity compared to bare rutile TiO2 nanorods of up to 88% and 77% when exposed to UV and solar simulated light. The results suggest CeO2/ TiO2 could be safely applied as an ‘active’ inorganic UV absorber in sunscreen products.
Published online: 1 April 2020
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Springer Science+Business
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04598-3
8096 Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has long been used as an inorganic-based ultraviolet (UV) filtering ingredient in many sunscreen products. Modern formulations often contain TiO2 in the form of nanoparticles due to the enhanced absorption provided across the UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (290–320 nm) wavelength bands, as well as the increased transparency in the visible light region (400–700 nm) [1]. However, there is concern associated with the enhanced photocatalytic activity of this material at this size range and their role in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH.) [2]. TiO2 nanoparticles have also been shown to induc
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