Impact of Dilute Sulfuric Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Ionic Liquid Pretreatments on the Fractionation and Characteriza
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Impact of Dilute Sulfuric Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Ionic Liquid Pretreatments on the Fractionation and Characterization of Engineered Switchgrass Enshi Liu 1 & Lalitendu Das 1 & Bingyu Zhao 2 & Mark Crocker 3,4 & Jian Shi 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract Improving plant characteristics for better environmental resilience and more cost-effective transformation to fuels and chemicals is one of the focus areas in biomass feedstock development. In order to bridge lignin engineering and conversion technologies, this study aimed to fractionate and characterize lignin streams from wild-type and engineered switchgrass using three different pretreatment methods, i.e., dilute sulfuric acid (DA), ammonium hydroxide (AH), and aqueous ionic liquid (IL). Results demonstrate the low lignin content and high S/G ratio switchgrass mutant (4CL) was more susceptible to pretreatment and subsequently more digestible by enzymes as compared to wild-type switchgrass and AtLOV1 mutant. In addition, when compared to DA and AH pretreatment, aqueous IL (cholinium lysinate) was demostrated to be an efficient lignin solvent, as indicated by the high (> 80%) lignin solubility and reduced lignin molecular weight. FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggest that pretreatment chemistry greatly influenced the structural and compositional changes and thermal properties of the pretreated switchgrass and recovered ligninElectronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-017-9868-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jian Shi [email protected] 1
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
2
Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
3
Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
4
Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
rich streams. The comparative data obtained from this work deepen our understanding of how lignin modification impacts the fractionation and properties of biomass feedstocks. Keywords Biofuels . Lignin . Genetic modification . Switchgrass . Pretreatment
Introduction In order to address environmental concerns and strengthen our energy security and economic well-being, it is important to mitigate society’s dependence on fossil fuels [1–3]. Biofuels and products from renewable resources are one of the many options to meet the goal of shifting away from the current energy structure to s ustainable alternatives [4 ]. Lignocellulosic feedstocks are promising resources for biofuels production due to their abundant availability and inedible property [5, 6]. However, the economics of biofuels production remain marginal, partly due to the high cost of the feedstock pretreatment necessary to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass [7, 8]. Thus, it is crucial to develop biomass feedstocks with favorable traits for costeffective conversion into biofuels
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