Implementation of an iterative headway-based bus holding strategy with real-time information
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Implementation of an iterative headway-based bus holding strategy with real-time information Qin Chen · Elodie Adida · Jane Lin
Published online: 20 November 2012 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract In high frequency bus service lines buses often come irregularly at the stops, often in bunches, due to the uncertainty of the passenger demand and behavior and unexpected conditions on the roads. Vehicle holding is a commonly used strategy among a variety of control strategies in transit operation in order to reduce bus bunching and regulate bus headways. This paper investigates a control strategy of holding a group of buses at a single or multiple control point(s). By incorporating any passenger boarding activities during holding, a single control point problem is developed and extended to multiple control points to reduce the variance of headways for the downstream stops. The problem is a non-convex optimization problem with linear constraints that minimizes the total passenger waiting time both on-board and at stops. A heuristic is then developed that is easy and fast to implement, which makes it suitable for real-time implementation. The model is evaluated with a simulation case study by using the real-time bus operation data (i.e., Automatic Vehicle Location and Automatic Passenger Count Data) from the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). The simulation results show that considering the boarding activities in the total waiting time, our model mitigates the error propagation and maintains steady performance,
Q. Chen Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA e-mail: [email protected] E. Adida Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California at Riverside, 225 Anderson Hall, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. Lin () Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA e-mail: [email protected]
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compared to the common models in the literature, which do not consider boarding while holding. Keywords Transit operations · Headway regularity · Bus holding · Control strategy
1 Introduction Headway regularity is one of the commonly used transit vehicle on-time performance measures. If the vehicle is early or late, it likely results in very short headway with the preceding or the following vehicle, i.e., bunching (and at the same time a prolonged headway with the following or preceding vehicle). In either case, neither the transit agency nor the passengers are happy. Daganzo (2009) showed that on a high frequency bus route, without intervention, bus bunching was almost unavoidable regardless of the driver’s or the passengers’ behavior. In the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) performance report, bus bunching is defined as a bus interval (time between two consecutive buses at a bus stop) that is 60 seconds or less. According t
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