Implementation of Ant Colony Optimization in Routing Protocol for Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big step in evolution of Internet. IoT is a gradual upgrade of wireless sensor networks of embedded devices. Embedded sensor nodes can be directly addressed (IPv6) through the Internet owing to the 6LoWPAN adaptation l
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Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big step in evolution of Internet. IoT is a gradual upgrade of wireless sensor networks of embedded devices. Embedded sensor nodes can be directly addressed (IPv6) through the Internet owing to the 6LoWPAN adaptation layer. IETF working group Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks (ROLL) in 2012 introduced RPL–IPv6 Routing Protocol for low-power and lossy networks to provide efficient routing solution for 6LoWPAN abstraction layer running over IEEE 802.15.4 providing PHY and MAC for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network. All the protocols including RPL insure minimal energy utilization of the sensors. RPL builds destination oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) using the objective function (OF). This objective function is responsible for fixation of rank of node and selection of best DAG and best parent. Large network of sensor nodes can be seen as a colony of ants. The Ant Colony Optimization is an important Swarm Intelligence technique under the paradigm of Computational Intelligence. It is inspired by collective intelligence of large number of homogeneous agents (ants). This optimization can be implemented toward selection of most efficient route and hence the preparation of DODAG. In this paper, we implement Ant Colony Optimization in RPL and present the results based on simulation using COOJA simulator in Contiki operating system.
1 Introduction The research on embedded systems and wireless sensor networks along with the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) has resulted in the scenario wherein the wireless sensors can have independent IP addresses and can be accessed individually through Internet. This revolution has brought mechanical devices and electronic P. Thapar (&) U. Batra GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, India e-mail: [email protected] U. Batra e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 B. Panda et al. (eds.), Innovations in Computational Intelligence, Studies in Computational Intelligence 713, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4555-4_10
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sensors together on the Internet and is called as Internet of things (IoT). The ‘Things’ in IoT are power-constrained devices running on low power and over lossy networks. This peculiarity of sensor nodes has called for a separate protocol stack for its implementation. IEEE 802.15.4 provides Physical and Mac layer for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network [1]. IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks—6LoWPAN [2] abstraction layer condenses the IPv6 address for communication, and RPL protocol is used for routing of messages. All the protocols are designed with an aim to conserve energy so that the life of constrained nodes can be increased. RPL handles the packet processing and forwarding separately from the route optimization. RPL uses direction oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) for creation of network topology. Each node communicates with more than one node but has a single preferred parent for the formation of DODAG. T
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