In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Diabetes: A Focus on Pregnancy
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes, both for the mother and her offspring. Although clinical and epidemiological studies are invaluable to assess these outcomes and the effectiveness of potential treatments, there
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In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Diabetes: A Focus on Pregnancy Joaquín Lilao-Garzón, Carmen Valverde-Tercedor, Silvia Muñoz-Descalzo, Yeray Brito-Casillas, and Ana M. Wägner Abstract
Keywords
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes, both for the mother and her offspring. Although clinical and epidemiological studies are invaluable to assess these outcomes and the effectiveness of potential treatments, there are certain ethical and practical limitations to what can be assessed in human studies. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro models can aid us in the understanding of the mechanisms behind these complications and, in the long run, towards their prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the existing animal and cell models used to mimic diabetes, with a specific focus on the intrauterine environment.
Animal model · Embryo culture · Fertility · Gestation · Gestational diabetes · In vitro model · Intrauterine programing · Organoids · Pregestational diabetes · Streptozotocin
J. Lilao-Garzón, C. Valverde-Tercedor, S. Muñoz-Descalzo, and Y. Brito-Casillas (*) Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, Spain e-mail: [email protected] A. M. Wägner Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, Spain Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases associated with defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both, inducing chronic hyperglycaemia, which leads to organ damage (American Diabetes Association 2013). According to the current classification of DM, type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of β-cells, ultimately causing total insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), produced by progressive loss of insulin secretion by the β-cells, is usually associated with peripheral insulin resistance and obesity (American Diabetes Association 2019). Other specific types of diabetes include monogenic DM, pancreatic diseases and drug-induced DM (American Diabetes Association 2019). Monogenic DM include Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and neonatal diabetes, caused by a single mutation that leads to deficient insulin secretion (Vaxillaire and Froguel 2006). DM first diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy is defined as Gestational Diabetes (GDM) (American Diabetes Association 2019). From the second trimester, maternal insulin sensitivity decreases due to the effect of
J. Lilao-Garzón et al.
placental hormones (i.e. oestrogen, progesterone, leptin, cortisol, placental lactogen, and growth hormone), w
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