Integrated Watershed Management Perspectives and Problems

Headwaters are fragile environments threatened by anthropogenic actions. The regeneration of headwaters calls for a practical approach through integrated environmental management. This book discusses various issues concerning headwater regions of the worl

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Edited by Einar Beheim Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Statens Park, Tonsberg, Norway

Govind S. Rajwar Department of Botany, Government Post Graduate College HNB Garhwal University Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India

Martin J. Haigh Department of Anthropology and Geography Oxford Brookes University Oxford, UK

Josef Kreek Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology Czech Technical University Prague, Czech Republic

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-3768-8 (HB) ISBN 978-90-481-3769-5 (e-book)

Copublished by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands with Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York 10013, USA. In all other countries, except India, sold and distributed by Springer, Haberstrasse 7, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany. In India, sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, Mahaveer Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110 002, India. www.springer.com

Cover illustration: Photograph taken by Martin Haigh in Southern Norway.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved        No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in India.

 Headwater Control movement believes that headwaters are fragile environments threatened by anthropogenic actions the solutions of which demand practical approach through integrated environmental management. At the same time the Headwater Control calls for direct intervention to mitigate the environmental impacts. Instituted in 1997 as an International Association for Headwater Control                 regions through practices, awareness, policies and institutions. The approach lies in integrating environmental action such as sustainable management of watershed, various resources and ecosystems in the headwater regions. Sustainable development means not to reduce our habitat      life and to resolve to leave the land to future generations at least in a condition that was received by us if not better. The problems of environmental management in highlands and headwaters are the problems of the periphery. Highland and headwater regions, though comprising a nation             national identity, are among the least developed and economically backward areas of a nation. These regions consist of great reserves of natural resources which need to be exploited and managed sustainably. The over-exploitation of resour