Late Quaternary Environmental and Human Impacts on the Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of Four Commensal Rodents in Myanmar
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Late Quaternary Environmental and Human Impacts on the Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of Four Commensal Rodents in Myanmar San Maung Maung Theint 1 & Thidalay Thwe 1 & Khin Myat Myat Zaw 1 & Tomofumi Shimada 2 & Saw Bawm 3 & Motoko Kobayashi 4 & Khin Maung Saing 1 & Ken Katakura 5 & Satoru Arai 6 & Hitoshi Suzuki 4 Accepted: 8 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We addressed the spatiotemporal characteristics of four commensal rodent species occurring in Myanmar in comparison with other areas of the Indo-Malayan region. We examined sequence variations of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) in the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans), roof rat (Rattus rattus complex, RrC), lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis), and house mouse (Mus musculus) using the recently developed time-dependent evolutionary rates of mtDNA. The Cytb sequences of RrC from Myanmar were shown to belong to RrC Lineage II, and their level of genetic diversity was relatively high compared to those of the other three species. RrC was found to have experienced bottleneck and rapid expansion events at least twice in the late Pleistocene period in Myanmar and a nearby region. Accordingly, paleoclimatic environmental fluctuations were shown to be an important factor affecting rodents in the subtropics of the Indo-Malayan region. Our results show that human activities during the last 10,000 years of the Holocene period affected the population dynamics of the rodent species examined, including introducing them to Myanmar from neighboring countries. Further study of these four commensal rodents in other geographic areas of the Indo-Malayan region would allow us to better understand the factors that drove their evolution and their ecological trends. Keywords Commensal rodents . Genetic diversity . Population dynamics . Quaternary environmental fluctuations . Myanmar
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-020-09519-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hitoshi Suzuki [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, University of Yangon, Yangon 11041, Myanmar
2
International Language & Business Centre, Yangon 11211, Myanmar
3
Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 15013, Myanmar
4
Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
5
Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
6
lnfectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
The subfamily Murinae is a large taxonomic group that consists of more than 500 species found mainly in the IndoMalayan region, a region of southern Asia with a high level of terrestrial animal biodiversity (Musser and Carleton 2005; Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012) covering South and Southeast Asia and southern China.
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