Long-term exposure to chromium contaminated waters and the associated human health risk in a highly contaminated industr
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Long-term exposure to chromium contaminated waters and the associated human health risk in a highly contaminated industrialised region S. Manoj 1 & R. RamyaPriya 1 & L. Elango 1 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Disposal of industrial waste is of great concern because it releases toxic metals resulting into the degradation of environments and consequently causes health effects on humans. The present study was carried out with the objectives of identifying the possible source and migration of contaminants in the surface water and groundwater and the associated health risks in the industrial region of Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 22 water samples were collected and analysed for the concentration of major ions and trace elements. Chemical speciation of chromium and lead in surface and groundwater was calculated using the geochemical code, PHREEQC. The concentration of total dissolved solids, chromium and lead was high in the surface water than groundwater in this region. The chromium in most of the sampled water is dominated with Cr(OH)2+ and Cr(OH)3 species and the dominant species of lead was PbCO3. The major source of contamination is the waste dumped in this region and also the improper disposal of effluents from the small-scale industries in this region. Use of groundwater with the present level of chromium and lead in this region will cause several health effects through oral and dermal pathways. Hence, stringent monitoring of quality of water sources of this region, enforcement of regulation of the disposal of wastes from the industries, recover and treat the dumped solid waste are very much necessary to prevent the spread of contamination. Keywords Ranipet . Water pollution . Trace metal . Water quality . Risk assessment . Geochemical species
Introduction The chemical industries contribute 2.1% of the nation’s gross domestic product in India. India is the third largest producer of agrochemicals and it contributes about 16% of the world production in dyes and its related products (IBEF 2017). The establishment of chemical industries in India commenced during the 1950s. Furthermore, the growth of chemical industries increased during the early 1980s with numerous public and Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * L. Elango [email protected] S. Manoj [email protected] R. RamyaPriya [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
private companies involving in the manufacturing of different chemical products for various purposes. The chemical industries are broadly classified into base chemicals, specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnological and agrochemicals (IBEF 2017). Industries that manufacture leather chemicals, construction chemicals, personal care ingredients, dyes and pigments come under the category of specialty chemicals. Chromium (Cr6+) is one of the major compounds of specialty chemicals which is used in tanning industries
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