Macrophage
There are various immunocompetent cells including the so-called macrophages in human nasal mucosa. Those cells are essential for a defense system against various invading pathogens such as bacteria and virus. On the other hand, those cells are also key pl
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Macrophage Hideyuki Kawauchi
Keywords
Macrophage • Dendritic cell • Scavenger • Antigen presentation • Immunological tolerance • Regulatory T cell • Chemokine • Toll-like receptor (TLR)
Core Message
• There are various immunocompetent cells including the so-called macrophages in human nasal mucosa. Those cells are essential for a defense system against various invading pathogens such as bacteria and virus. • Those cells are also key players in the pathogenesis of rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis at the epithelial linings of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. • Among them, macrophages are well known to have immunologically an important role as a scavenger cell and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in order to mount innate and acquired immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
H. Kawauchi, MD, DMSc Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shimane University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
6.1
Part I. General Concept of Macrophage
6.1.1
Origin and Classification of Macrophages
Macrophage lineage cells are produced from pluripotent progenitor cells in the bone marrow (Stanley 2009). These cells require combined stimulus from colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) and factors including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-3, GM-CSF, and interferon-gamma so far, to differentiate to mature functional macrophages distributed to peripheral tissues through the blood vessel and lymphatic circulation. The definition and nomenclature of tissue-resident macrophage or recruiting inflammatory macrophage is taken into account with evidence that the monocyte subpopulations may possess different propensities to give rise to particular resident populations, particularly in mucosal surface such as the respiratory and digestive tract. It is clearly demonstrated that blood monocytes are heterogeneous in terms of their expression of key molecules, chemokine receptors, and cell adhesion molecules (Geissmann et al. 2010). But it is yet to
T.M. Önerci (ed.), Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_6, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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H. Kawauchi
78 Innate immunity
Private immunity
Adaptive immunity
IL-12/18,IFN-γ IL-15
IL-12/18 Mφ
DC1
IL-15
Pathogens
yIFN
NK Th1
γIFN
FDC
Mφ
IL-15 IL-2
CTL
Memory CD8
IEL
Th0 PMN
IL-4/IL-13
Th3
γδ
IL-10,TGF-β
DC3 IL-4/IL-13 Th2
IL-10,TGF-β Memory CD4
IL-4,5,6,10 IL-15
NKT
Mast IL-4/IL-13
DC2 MCP-1,IL-10
Infection
B
Memory B
Time
Fig. 6.1 The mechanisms of host defense system from innate to adaptive immunity. PMN polymorphonuclear cells, CTL cytotoxic lymphocytes, Mo macrophages, DC dendritic cells
remained to categorize the monocyte subsets how to further divide in terms of their effector functions with distinct stimuli and locations.
6.1.2
Heterogeneity and Markers
Tissue macrophages have many characteristics, including extensive lysosomes and stellate morphology and location, and they are heterogeneous in terms of
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