Manganese dioxide nanoparticles: synthesis, application and challenges
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Ó Indian Academy of Sciences
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Manganese dioxide nanoparticles: synthesis, application and challenges SONIKA DAWADI1, AAKASH GUPTA2, MANITA KHATRI1, BIPLAB BUDHATHOKI1, GANESH LAMICHHANE1 and NIRANJAN PARAJULI1,* 1
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) 2
MS received 7 March 2020; accepted 22 June 2020 Abstract. In recent days, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) have intrigued material science researches extensively due to its wide range of applications. They are widely used in energy storage devices (lithium-ion batteries, capacitors), catalysts, adsorbent, sensors and imaging, therapeutic activity, etc. Since they hold a lot of distinguished potentials, a robust protocol for cheap, stable, biocompatible and eco-friendly MnO2 NPs is necessary. They can be categorized into different phases like a, b, d and others. Thus, owing to their peculiar character, they could be utilized for various purposes depending on the mode of action and applications. Hence, this review has summarized conventional methods, such as hydrothermal, sol–gel, oxidation–reduction used for the generation of MnO2 NPs. Likewise, morphological characterization by various spectroscopic techniques also outlined. It is found that the particular method of generation of MnO2 NPs is useful for a specific phase. Keywords.
1.
Manganese dioxide nanoparticles; hydrothermal method; sol–gel method; catalyst; adsorbent; biosensor.
Introduction
The advent of nanotechnology has led to the development of a new research area of this century. Nanoparticles (NPs) have developed an increasing interest in science over the last three decades. The peculiar properties of NPs are often considered a separate and intermediate state of matter between individual atoms and bulk material [1]. Nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention owing not only to their fundamental significance, but also to the potential technological applications in various fields. Materials at the nanolevel have different or improved magnetic, electric and catalytic properties than that of bulk materials. So, nanomaterials can be utilized in various fields of medicine, electrical devices, environment, etc. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is getting attention among researchers in the field of nanotechnology due to its low toxicity [2]. MnO2 exists in different crystal structures, such as a-(hollandite), b-(pyrolusite), c-(nsutite), d-(birnessite), k-(akhtenskite), etc.; having the same basic structure of MnO6, linked differently [3–5]. MnO2 NPs can be differentiated based on linkages in the structure. Both top-down and bottom-up methods can be used for preparing MnO2 NPs. Due to the high preparation
cost and structural defects on produced NPs, the top-down approach is not widely used [6]. The bottom-up approach is preferred by mos
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