Markers for Identification of Postnatal Skeletal Stem Cells In Vivo
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SKELETAL BIOLOGY AND REGULATION (MR FORWOOD AND A ROBLING, SECTION EDITORS)
Markers for Identification of Postnatal Skeletal Stem Cells In Vivo Ye Cao 1
&
Emma J. Buckels 1
&
Brya G. Matthews 1
Accepted: 29 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The adult skeleton contains stem cells involved in growth, homeostasis, and healing. Mesenchymal or skeletal stem cells are proposed to provide precursors to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, marrow adipocytes, and stromal cells. We review the evidence for existence and functionality of different skeletal stem cell pools, and the tools available for identifying or targeting these populations in mouse and human tissues. Recent Findings Lineage tracing and single cell-based techniques in mouse models indicate that multiple pools of stem cells exist in postnatal bone. These include growth plate stem cells, stem and progenitor cells in the diaphysis, reticular cells that only form bone in response to injury, and injury-responsive periosteal stem cells. New staining protocols have also been described for prospective isolation of human skeletal stem cells. Summary Several populations of postnatal skeletal stem and progenitor cells have been identified in mice, and we have an increasing array of tools to target these cells. Most Cre models lack a high degree of specificity to define single populations. Human studies are less advanced and require further efforts to refine methods for identifying stem and progenitor cells in adult bone. Keywords Skeletal stem cells . Mesenchymal stem cells . Lineage tracing . Osteoprogenitor . Cre
Introduction The skeleton is a dynamic system that undergoes postnatal growth, remodeling, and regeneration following injury. The processes of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation are well defined, and markers are available to selectively identify and genetically target cells at various stages of differentiation. Recent research efforts have focused on identifying the stem and progenitor populations from which these cells derive. Early studies used plastic adherence and the ability to form fibroblastic colonies (CFU-F) following low-density culture to identify mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that were capable of differentiation into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages on a clonal basis [1]. Many studies focus This article is part of the Topical Collection on Skeletal Biology and Regulation * Brya G. Matthews [email protected] 1
Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
on bone marrow or bone tissue as the source of MSCs; however, cells with similar in vitro characteristics have been isolated from numerous tissues, including fat and muscle [2]. The MSC markers routinely characterized in culture (CD73, CD90, and CD105) do not specifically identify stem cells, and a more nuanced approach to identify stem cells in vivo is required [3, 4]. The focus of recent studies has shifted to id
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