Maternal iodine status in a multi-ethnic UK birth cohort: associations with autism spectrum disorder
- PDF / 425,786 Bytes
- 8 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 55 Downloads / 187 Views
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Maternal iodine status in a multi-ethnic UK birth cohort: associations with autism spectrum disorder Kirsten Jade Cromie1†, Diane Erin Threapleton1†, Charles Jonathan Peter Snart1†, Elizabeth Taylor1, Dan Mason2, Barry Wright3, Brian Kelly2, Stephen Reid4, Rafaq Azad2, Claire Keeble5, Amanda H. Waterman6, Sarah Meadows7, Amanda McKillion7, Nisreen A. Alwan8,9, Janet Elizabeth Cade10, Nigel A. B. Simpson11, Paul M. Stewart12, Michael Zimmermann13, John Wright2, Dagmar Waiblinger2, Mark Mon-Williams6, Laura J. Hardie1† and Darren Charles Greenwood1,14*†
Abstract Background: Maternal iodine requirements increase during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones essential for fetal brain development. Maternal iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroxinemia, a reduced fetal supply of thyroid hormones which, in the first trimester, has been linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the child. No study to date has explored the direct link between maternal iodine deficiency and diagnosis of ASD in offspring. Methods: Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) and iodine/creatinine ratios (I:Cr) were measured in 6955 mothers at 26–28 weeks gestation participating in the Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort. Maternal iodine status was examined in relation to the probability of a Read (CTV3) code for autism being present in a child’s primary care records through a series of logistic regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Median (inter-quartile range) UIC was 76 μg/L (46, 120) and I:Cr was 83 μg/g (59, 121) indicating a deficient population according to WHO guidelines. Ninety two children (1·3%) in our cohort had received a diagnosis of ASD by the census date. Overall, there was no evidence to support an association between I:Cr or UIC and ASD risk in children aged 8–12 years (p = 0·3). Conclusions: There was no evidence of an increased clinical ASD risk in children born to mothers with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency at 26 weeks gestation. Alternative functional biomarkers of exposure and a wider range of conditions may provide further insight. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, Iodine, Deficiency, Fetal development, Thyroid, Pregnancy
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Kirsten Jade Cromie, Diane Erin Threapleton and Charles Jonathan Peter Snart are joint first authors † Laura J. Hardie and Darren Charles Greenwood are joint senior authors 1 Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK 14 Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes w
Data Loading...
