Microbial Interactions in the Arsenic Cycle: Adoptive Strategies and Applications in Environmental Management
The term “arsenic” is derived from the Persian word “zarnikh” meaning “yellow orpiment” (As2S3) (Rensing and Rosen 2009). Arsenic (As) is a metalloid (Table 1) and has a single naturally occurring isotope As75 (Rensing and Rosen 2009). It occurs in four p
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Contents 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 2 Environmental Fate of Arsenic ........................................................................................... 3 Microbial Resistance to Arsenic and Microbial Transformations in the Arsenic Cycle ............................................................................................................ 3.1 Arsenic Reduction ...................................................................................................... 3.2 Arsenite Oxidation .......................................................................................... . 3.3 Methylation and Demethylation ................................................................................. 3.4 Mobilization and Immobilization ............................................................................... 3.5 Microbial Arsenic Uptake and Extrusion ................................................................... 4 The Ars Operon and Proteins .............................................................................................. 4.1 Microbial Arsenic Sensing ......................................................................................... 4.2 Ars Operon and Transcriptional Regulation ............................................................... 4.3 Arsenate Reductases (ArsCs) ..................................................................................... 4.4 Arsenic Permeases (ArsBs) ........................................................................................ 4.5 Posttransductional Regulation: ArsA and ArsD.......................................................... 4.6 ArsM and ArsH .......................................................................................................... 5 Bioremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Environments.................................................... 6 Arsenic Biosensors and Measurement of Arsenic Bioavailability....................................... 7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 8 Summary. ............................................................................................................................. References ..................................................................................................................................
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U.P. Dhuldhaj • I.C. Yadav • S. Singh CAS in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India N.K. Sharma (*) Department of Botany, Post Graduate College, Ghazipur, UP 233001, India e-mail: [email protected] D.M. Whitacre (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 224, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5882-1_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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U.P. Dhuldhaj et al.
Introduction
The term “arsenic” is derived from
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