Monitoring and risk assessment of tepraloxydim in banana ( Musa paradisiaca ) and sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis )
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Monitoring and risk assessment of tepraloxydim in banana (Musa paradisiaca) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Sung-Jin Lim 1 & Du-Yun Jeong 1 & Yong-Duk Jin 1 & Jin-Ho Ro 1 Received: 21 April 2019 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study was conducted to analyze the residue levels of tepraloxydim in banana and sweet orange. Successive liquid–liquid extraction and cartridge clean-up method for tepraloxydim determination in banana and sweet orange were developed and validated by HPLC. The developed method was validated, and the recovery and LOQ of tepraloxydim were 79.3–99.5% and 0.02 mg kg−1, respectively. Among the 48 banana and 34 sweet orange samples, tepraloxydim was detected in two (0.03 mg kg−1) and four samples (0.03–0.05 mg kg−1), respectively. A risk assessment of tepraloxydim in banana and sweet orange was conducted by calculating the percent ratio of estimated daily intake (EDI) and acceptable daily intake (ADI). The ADI of tepraloxydim was 0.05 mg kg−1 day−1, and the EDIs of it from banana and sweet orange were 6.3 × 10−6 and 5.1–8.5 × 10−6, respectively. The percent of EDI to ADI of tepraloxydim was 0.013 and 0.010–0.017%, respectively. These results showed that the tepraloxydim levels in this study might not be harmful to human beings. Keywords Banana . Food safety . Risk assessment . Sweet orange . Tepraloxydim
Introduction Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is the fruit of evergreen monocotyledonous, perennial, giant herb, exclusively subtropical belonging to the genus Musa from the family Musaceae. The majority of it is grown in tropical and subtropical areas and produced in Latin America (Singh et al. 2016). Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) has known to be a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulate) (Xu et al. 2013). Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. The global yield of sweet orange in 2013 was 71.4 million metric tons, and the production was highest in Brazil and the USA (Florida and California) (FAO 2015). The consumption and import of banana and sweet orange in Korea are both increasing due to perceived health benefits Sung-Jin Lim and Du-Yun Jeong contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Jin-Ho Ro [email protected] 1
Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
(Quilez et al. 2003; Romphophak et al. 2005; Alquezar et al. 2008; Bennett et al. 2010; Londoño- Londoño et al. 2010; Villaverde et al. 2013; Beatrice et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2015), and the import volume from countries, like Guatemala, Philippines, Vietnam, Peru, the USA, and South Africa, was 363,500 and 126,900 tons in 2015, respectively (MAFRA 2016; KAFTC 2016). Tepraloxydim (Fig. 1) is herbicide from the cyclohexanedione class. The compound has been used as post-emergence herbicides that inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis (L
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